North or South: Who Killed Reconstruction Essay

â€Å"†¦the slave went free; stood a brief moment in the sun; then moved back again toward slavery† (W.E.B. Dubois). After the Civil War ended in 1865, Reconstruction began. All slaves were finally freed because of the 13th amendment. Other amendments were passed such as: the 14th amendment which gave black Americans citizenship and the 15th amendment had made it illegal to deny someone the right to vote based on race. To enforce these new laws, northerners went south to help Freedmen and Reconstruction; these people are also known as carpetbaggers. Many people resisted in the South, so it was difficult to carry out the new ideas of Reconstruction. Rebuilding the United States was not an easy task because it soon ended in 1877. Reconstruction is the process of rebuilding or reorganizing of something. Both the North and South contributed to the end of Reconstruction; but southern resistance did the most to end it. Northern neglect was one of the reasons that had ended Reconstruction. â€Å"Weary of the ‘Negro Question’ and ‘sick of carpet-bag’ government†¦ North began to turn against Reconstruction policies† (Littell). The North grew tired of trying to get the South to help Freedmen. In an article called The Death of Reconstruction: Race, Labor and Politics in the Post-Civil War North, 1865-1901, by Heather Cox Richardson, she wrote about how blacks were uncivilized people. They assumed it would take time for ‘them’ to learn the methods of the white people. Northerners started to focus on their own concerns such as the Panic of 1873, which was the loss of millions of jobs; even the president turned away from the problems of Reconstruction. Southern resistance also, had a big impact on the end of Reconstruction. In a letter, a man named Albion Tourgee wrote about the Ku Klux Klan’s actions in the south. Tourgee served as a judge in North Carolina and he believed the Klan was after carpetbaggers, such as Tourgee himself. The KKK is made up of many ordinary people; lawyers, doctors, and farmers. They threatened and killed anybody who supported Freedmen and Reconstruction. They even intimidated people as they voted. In a picture found in Harper’s Weekly in 1876, it showed white southerners forcing a black American to vote for the Democratic Party. Whites who did not support Reconstruction ensured not to  permit Reconstruction in the south. Southern resistance was what had caused the end of Reconstruction in 1877. They threatened Freedmen, Carpetbaggers, Scalawags, and Radical Republicans. The South resisted so much; the North could not support Reconstruction any longer. The KKK was constantly killing people who favored Reconstruction, and the North was losing hope. The Klan wanted to end Reconstruction and stop African-Americans from joining the white society. They killed people in public to show they would not back down, and the resistance from these people made Reconstruction a struggling task.

History of public administration Essay

Glossary Bibliography Biographical Sketch Summary Historical accounts of African public administration often highlight the colonial setting and usually overlook pre-colonial Africa. The African civil service has its roots in precolonial institutions on which European powers relied to build the colonial state and consolidate their administration. Thus, this chapter analyzes the development of African administration from the pre-colonial era up to the present. The first section discusses the pre-colonial period. The colonial system constitutes the second section. The third section deals with the post-colonial period and discusses some problems associated with African administration. 1. The Pre-Colonial Period: From the Ashes of Pharaohs to the Berlin Conference At the end of the prehistoric period (10 000 BC), some African nomadic bands began to settle more permanently in villages along the Nile River to develop the political foundation of ancient Egypt. As these early farmers increased their mastery over soil and animal life, irrigation became a key development strategy to increase food production, which in turn multiplied their populations. Eventually, different villages came to recognize their common interests, to coordinate their efforts and broaden community linkages. People from different communities joined together through confederation or conquest for purposes of commerce or defense, and developed African  ©Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS) PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION AND PUBLIC POLICY – Vol. I – Development of African Administration: Pre-Colonial Times and since – Emizet F. Kisangani empires, kingdoms, and chieftaincies. Two types of systems, hierarchical political systems and horizontal or acephalous societies, developed to help generate stable communities and foster prosperity. U SA NE M SC PL O E – C EO H AP LS TE S R S Stateless societies were small political entities and had no bureaucracies as they were mostly based on kinship. Hierarchical societies, however, had bureaucracies to carry out certain functions such as collecting taxes, supervising ceremonies, entertaining dignitaries, and compelling people to do the rulers’ bidding. These polities, which evolved before the arrival of Europeans in Africa, were either centralized or decentralized political entities presided over by emperors, kings, chiefs, or military commanders. The following analysis covers the first hierarchical form of rule that emerged some three millennia BC in ancient Egypt, followed by a brief overview of Medieval Africa. The final sub-section discusses the African administration up to the Berlin Conference in 1884-1885. 1. 1. Ancient Civilization of Africa: The Case of Egypt Around 3300 BC, farming lineages along the Nile Valley joined together as villages to increase production of food and to defend themselves against outsiders. From these villages regional confederations of Upper and Lower Egypt developed. By 3100 BC, a central authority emerged and unified these confederations under the rule of divine pharaohs. From 2700 to 2181, six dynasties succeeded each other to form the Old Kingdom. A century and a half of civil war and provincial rivalries gave rise to the First Intermediate Period and the Middle Kingdoms that ruled Egypt from 2080 to 1640 BC. The Middle Kingdom was replaced by the Second Intermediate Period and the New Kingdom from 1570 to 1090 BC. Three dynasties (18th through 20th) ruled in the New Kingdom and the Third Intermediate Period began around 1089 BC with the Kushite Kings. The Egyptian empire was multinational consequent to the conquest of foreign nations. The Old and Middle Kingdoms were highly centralized and ruled by â€Å"god-kings† or pharaohs. With its capital at Memphis, the Old Kingdom was divided into provinces. Next to the king was the vizier, the administrative hand of the king, who was also in charge of day to day administrative, fiscal, and judicial matters. Although very few administrative documents have survived, court documents provide a glimpse of the Egyptian bureaucracy. Three basic administrative divisions existed: the Department of the Head of the South, the Office of Government Labor, and the Treasury. The Palermo Stone provides further evidence of administrative structure in the collection of revenue and in the assessment of Egyptian wealth. On the Stone was documented a biennial administrative census that left nothing unaccounted for, so that taxes could be assessed even on the basis of canals, lakes, wells, and trees of an estate. The system consisted of a hierarchical structure with diverse administrative agencies spreading throughout the kingdom for effective management. Another governmental task was the administration of justice, on which was founded the concept of ma‘at (or justice), whereby some high priests bore the title of priest of Ma‘at. In addition to the capital city of Memphis, there were other towns of importance that  ©Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS) PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION AND PUBLIC POLICY – Vol. I – Development of African Administration: Pre-Colonial Times and since – Emizet F. Kisangani made up provinces headed by town governors, who were also chief priests in charge of temple revenue in many parts of Ancient Egypt. Provincial temples were the subject of central government regulations to avoid any strong power at the provincial level. However, during the first intermediate period, the office of governor in charge of civil affairs became the office of chief priest. U SA NE M SC PL O E – C EO H AP LS TE S R S The role of bureaucracy in these early kingdoms was to facilitate the transfer of resources from different provinces to the king’s court. If early administrations were in charge of maintaining irrigation and agricultural output, later administrations seemed to be more involved in supervising construction work and wealth transfer. The proliferation of these later types of bureaucracies, at the expense of those that used to maintain the agricultural system, would probably have produced pressures on the agricultural output and might have been the first sign of political decay in Ancient Egypt. The centralized system itself between the king, court officers, and ambitious governors may also have led to the same result. The New Kingdom and the Third Intermediate Period generated a great mass of documentation about Egyptian political and administrative life. The form of government remained the same, based on divine kingship. The government always stressed the religious function of the political system. Under the auspices of Gods, the government was expected to maintain the integrity of Egyptian territory and expand its frontiers. The most important function of the government was to create civic and individual security, and the vizier carried out the duty of ensuring that law and regulations were obeyed throughout the bureaucracy. The society was divided into hierarchical stratifications with the king at the top, a small group of high-ranking and wealthy officials next, and a much larger group of bureaucrats (scribes), priests, soldiers, stable masters, citizens, cultivators, and herdsmen filling the bottom layer. The Egyptian political system under the New Kingdom and the Third Intermediate Period was divided into an internal government and a government of conquests. Internally, the civil government was run by two viziers (northern and southern), overseer of the granaries of upper and lower Egypt, and the chief taxing master. The two viziers also supervised the overseer of the treasury and lower level officials in charge of bureaucracy, judiciary, and the police. At the lowest level of the administrative hierarchy were the chiefs, town mayors, and councils. The government of conquests had several governors who supervised vassal kings and their battalion commanders. Most of the Northern Lands were small and scattered, and under the direct control of various battalion commanders. The goal of this decentralization scheme was to obstruct anyone from controlling a large estate and challenging the king’s power. The governor of the Southern Lands was the Viceroy of Kush and his role became important internally at the end of the Twentieth Dynasty. He also supervised two deputies and a battalion commander. Military forces were all centralized under one commander. In addition to these administrative entities, there existed a religious government hierarchy, with the â€Å"overseer of prophets† at the top, a position held at various times by a vizier who was the head of two high priests. Below them was the priesthood bureaucracy. The corps of the centralized system was maintained by a small group of powerful officials. They headed each department and reported directly to the king who appointed  ©Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS) PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION AND PUBLIC POLICY – Vol. I – Development of African Administration: Pre-Colonial Times and since – Emizet F. Kisangani and removed them. The bureaucracy consisted of a group of educated scribes whose role consisted of collecting taxes, conducting censuses, regulating agriculture, and administering justice and law with a small police force. A professional army was divided into various units, each with its own hierarchy of officers. U SA NE M SC PL O E – C EO H AP LS TE S R S Pressures on land and rising inflation may have been politically significant in later days of the New Kingdom, though bureaucratic inefficiency and abuse of power were probably the main causes of economic collapse. Besides the deterioration of administrative integrity, another major cause that weakened the kingship was the changing relationship between the king, civil government, army, and a few powerful families. Some families came to control major economic resources of the state, and the civil service became less susceptible to royal control. In addition, the kings’ tours of their provinces became less frequent, and royal princes and other deputies carried out religious rites formerly performed by the kings. During the ensuing Third Intermediate Period (1069 – 664 BC), Egypt was in perpetual crisis and the Egyptian civilization disappeared after the Roman conquest around 30 BC. In summary, the evolution of Ancient Egypt is characterized by the rise and fall of large scale governments that reflect alternating periods of unification and fragmentation. 1. 2. Medieval Africa Medieval Africa was different from the Ancient in several respects. First, Medieval leaders attempted to balance local traditions and regional autonomy in response to their people’s needs by developing and consolidating large-scale kingdoms and empires for purposes of trade or defense. A second difference was the impact of Islam on African societies. Muslims believed that one God (Allah) called on them to undertake jihads (commonly known as holy war against non-believers) when necessary. The most renowned of Africa’s medieval empires of Mali, Songhay and Morocco rose to the highest stages of their international influence with Islam as the imperial religion. Other medieval African kingdoms and empires developed indigenous political ideologies based on regional customs and beliefs, while Coptic Christianity remained the official state religion in the Abyssinian kingdom of medieval Ethiopia. In 969 A. D. , Muslims from the Maghreb conquered Egypt and established the Fatimid Dynasty in Cairo (c. 970-1170 A. D. ), which was highly hierarchical and whose military was highly professionalized. This strict hierarchy of officials, and the controlling powers of the vizier, left room neither for the autonomous tendencies of provincial governors nor for the growth of widespread corruption. Tolerant of other religions, the system let Copts and Jews occupy prestigious positions in the administration. The centralized administration controlled tax revenues, the payment of troops, and the allocation of military fiefs. The Fatimid administration was in charge of regulating and distributing the waters of the Nile River. Dams and canals were regularly repaired and improved; even an occasional period of low water did not greatly damage the general economic situation. When the Fatimid rule in Egypt was threatened by European Christian Crusaders (c. 1170), it was Egypt’s professional soldiers, or Mamluks (slave-soldier), who rallied behind Saladin to defeat the Crusaders. He then established a new Mamluk Dynasty in  ©Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS) PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION AND PUBLIC POLICY – Vol. I – Development of African Administration: Pre-Colonial Times and since – Emizet F. Kisangani Cairo from 1171 to1517. By the thirteenth century, the institution of the slave-soldiers became an integral part of the political and social system in many Muslim countries. The Mamluk oligarchy never accepted in its ranks someone who was not a slave soldier, so that the military establishment not only remained hierarchical, but also continued to be a caste dominated by slave soldiers. U SA NE M SC PL O E – C EO H AP LS TE S R S Most Mamluk caliphates were divided into military fiefs centralized under one single Caliph. The basic administrative entity was the village because the Mamluk dynasty obtained most of its revenues from landed estates. A major innovation to ensure payment was that the peasants were prohibited from leaving their villages without permission. In addition to land taxes, the Mamluk caliphates drew their revenues from customs duties, based on ad valorem and the religion of the merchants, so that Christian importers had to pay taxes as high as 30%, whereas Muslim importers paid only 10%. This canonical tax was abolished under the reform of 1316. Several other kingdoms, such as Ghana and Mali, developed in Medieval Western Sudan. But the best known was the Kingdom of Songhay founded around the trading town of Gao (c. 1000 A. D. ). The Songhay Kingdom broke away from Mali and subsequently arose to become the third great empire in the medieval western Sudan (c. 1460-1590). Songhay’s founding emperor, Sunni Ali, established imperial authority northward into the Sahara in order to control international trade routes and valuable deposits of rock salt (which was mined and cut into large blocks to be traded for gold). Following Ali’s death, one of his generals, Muhammad Toure, overthrew the legitimate heir, and embarked on a hajj to Mecca. In 1496 he returned to wage jihad against nonMuslims. He conquered new territories and ruled over Songhay’s expanded empire as Caliph of West Africa. Under Muhammad’s authority (1493-1528), Songhay, especially the towns of Timbuktu and Jenne, rose to become one of the medieval world’s largest multinational empires. The administrative system was open enough to provide lower level citizens some type of upward social mobility. The empire was highly decentralized and Islam was used as a tool to assimilate different communities. Different categories of slaves cultivated fields, constructed adobe buildings and mosques, acted as porters, or served as soldiers and officials in the imperial government. Some of the latter rose through government and military bureaucracies by virtue of meritorious work to achieve high positions of administrative responsibility, as did soldier Muhammad Toure, when he rose by military merit to become a general and then became the emperor of Songhay. As emperor of Songhay, Muhammad established effective central supervision over provincial governors. He also reformed Songhay’s imperial government so that merit (rather than birth) became the principal criterion for advancement in bureaucracy. Eventually, after Muhammad became blind and was deposed in 1528, Songhay’s trans-Saharan trade declined. This was also partly due to competition from European sea traders along the West African Atlantic coast, which undercut the trans-Saharan gold trade. After severe political crises of succession disputes, rebellions and civil war that Songhay emperors faced during the 1580s, their imperial army was decisively defeated by Morocco’s elite musketeers at the Battle of Tondibi in 1591. Other kingdoms and chieftaincies came up throughout Central, Eastern and Southern  ©Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS) PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION AND PUBLIC POLICY – Vol. I – Development of African Administration: Pre-Colonial Times and since – Emizet F. Kisangani Africa. Although some of these polities were decentralized or confederated, most of them developed as centralized systems where the king or the chief represented the top, followed by the house of the king or an inner circle of advisors, and finally the Council of Elders as the legislative branch. The army and bureaucrats were in charge of maintaining security and law, collecting taxes, and conducting censuses. In most polities, age was a major social feature of stratification, while in other areas the system was meritocractic. 1. 3. Beyond the Medieval Era to the Nineteenth Century U SA NE M SC PL O E – C EO H AP LS TE S R S In the late 1500s and through the 1700s, Europeans and Arabs introduced new weapons and made new demands for captives of war throughout Africa to meet the demands of a growing international slave trade. Consequently, many of Africa’s previous patterns of political and economic growth were disrupted, even though many of the great traditions of medieval African politics and administration continued to guide their evolution. As African kingdoms and empires continued to develop, and trade between coastal cities and interior regions expanded throughout the continent, various African peoples established political confederations based on religious ideology, commercial linkages and/or military authority. Such confederations were committed to establishing broader nationalist ideologies, promoting literacy and advancement by merit, expanding both regional and international commerce, and undertaking significant administrative and military reforms. The first great reformer and leader in North Africa was an Ottoman military commander, Muhammad Ali (1805-1848). He established the first secular schools, engineering and medical colleges, modern factories, modern printing presses, and stateowned textile and munitions factories. His successors continued his policies of borrowing foreign capital and building projects, such as the Suez Canal that was completed in 1869. In the west, the original Asante confederation, established by seven clans near the city of Kumasi (in modern day Ghana), united around the symbolic Golden Stool of their ruler Asante-Hene. This confederation built roads and promoted agriculture, commerce, industry and education through self-help and self-reliance. The Asante emperors implemented several modernization policies in administration that included promoting advancement by merit and the development of state enterprise through public investment. By 1874, the British imperial army defeated the Asante army and annexed the Fante territories into their Gold Coast colony. In East Africa (c. 1800-1885), there was also a movement toward centralization of authority and broadened commercial linkages throughout the region, from Ethiopia’s Highlands to the Limpopo River in Southern Africa. In the first half of the nineteenth century, however, Africa continued to be significantly disrupted by international trade in slaves, even as new Euro-American markets began to demand large imports of such African-based commodities as palm oil, cotton, peanuts, and ivory. By mid-century, European merchants realized that Africans could produce such valuable exports more efficiently and humanely by working in their own countries than by working as slaves in the Americas. Many other nineteenth century African nations were consciously modernizing their various political economies and shifting to regional confederacies,

Leadership in Islam - 1593 Words

STEPPING OUTSIDE THE CULTURE: THE ISLAMIC WAY OF LEADERSHIP By Rohaniza M. Sumndad Leadership is defined in many ways. Richards and Engle define it as articulating visions, embodying values, and creating the environment within which things can be accomplished. Schein refer it as the ability to step outside the culture, while Drath and Plus say that it is a process of making sense of what people are doing together for people to understand and be committed. There have been several studies and concepts about it for years now, may it be leadership roles, traits and theories but do not say much about Leadership in the Islamic Perspective. Islam, a religion of peace but often misjudged and misunderstood has a very comprehensive concept of†¦show more content†¦The two sources of principles and practices that make up Islam are the Qur’an and Mohammad’s (PBUH) example as written in the Hadith (record of actions and sayings of the Prophet and his companions) that constitutes the Shari’ah (Islamic Law from Qur’an and Traditions). This law includes guiding principles in ways of worship, family, dress, finance and social relationships. Such basic practices of Muslims are called the five pillars of Islam – the testimony, offering prayers, paying Zakat (alms-giving to the poor), performing Hajj (pilgrimage to Makkah)and Sawm (Fasting) as already indicated in the facts about Islam of Mindanaw Bantula. Leadership in Islam As Islam is a comprehensive system of life, its roots of leadership generally exist in the primary and secondary resources of the Shari’ah in addition to the early practices of the early Muslims. With this concept, a leader in Islam is said to be not free to act as he chooses, nor must he submit to the desires of others --- he must act in accordance to Allah’s laws like how Prophet Mohammad (PBUH) exemplified his kind of leadership. Allah said in the Qur’an, â€Å"And We made them leaders guiding men by Our Command and We sent inspiration to do good deeds, to establish prayers and to practice charity; and they constantly served UsShow MoreRelated Woman Leadership in Islam Essay example1174 Words   |  5 Pageskind, as it is the first time for a woman to take the religious leadership role in Islam. Of Course, This incident caused a huge debate within the Islamic cultures. Some sheikhs declared there was nothing wrong with women leading prayers, but the big maj ority of sheikhs criticized Amina Wadud and condemned her. However, Amina Wadud in reply to the accusations stressed the equality between men and women, even in religious leadership. (Islam online, April 18, 2005) One wonders why Amina Wadud has chosenRead MoreReligious Fundamentalism: The Muslims of Different Sects859 Words   |  3 Pagesand follow. The Islam religion has not escaped this as well. There have been interreligious conflicts within the Islam as a religion. There are fundamentally four types or branches of Islam if we may call it as below: Islam followed by Sunnis, Islam followed by Shias, Islam followed by Wahabis, Islam followed by some other sects and groups (Syed B. Soharwardy, 2012). The most striking fact however is that they all claim to be the true Islam and each point fingers at the other Islam as being theRead MoreMuslim Nations and Their Crisis of Leadership Essay1280 Words   |  6 PagesMuslim Nations and Their Crisis of Leadership Muslim nations face a crisis of leadership, which affects both them and their relationship with other countries. In Muslim society the leader embodies both political and moral authority. Yet even the best-known thinkers who comment on Islam, like Professor Samuel Huntington and Francis Fukuyama, have failed to identify the importance of Muslim leadership. On the surface there is a bewildering range of leadership: kings, military dictators, mullahsRead MoreWomen s Political And Islam1265 Words   |  6 PagesWomen’s political rights in Islam has been a controversial topic in the modern age. With the growth of ideologies like feminism and liberalism, Islam has been carefully examined underneath a microscope for some time. Some argue that Islam subjugates women because they are not given the exact rights or roles men have been given. Allah (swt) has given men and women different biological, physiological, and psychological attributes. In the Quran Allah (swt) says in chapter 4; verse 32 â€Å"And do not wishRead MoreExecutive Summary : Partex Star Group1370 Words   |  6 Pagesas well. The leadership assessment of Md. Quamruzzaman, COO and AKM Tariqul Islam, Head of Human Resources revealed their concern to change leadership structure in the organization. Their goal is to develop exemplary leaders in the organization and adopt the finest leadership culture. The purposes of this report are to address the current leadership style within the organization compared it with the rest of the industry and to conclude if there is any need for improvement in leadership practices. Read MoreSpread of Islam1307 Words   |  6 PagesSpread of Islam Andrew Lowery HIS 275/CA September18, 2014 Kerrin Conroy Spread of Islam Islam is not only one of the three major monotheistic religions in the world today, it is also it is the fastest growing. Additionally, political conflict between Islamic groups and the West play out on the international stage like the latest of the Crusades. The message of the Prophet Mohammad has been distorted and misunderstood by those outside of Islam who see only a religion of hatred. Islam did, howeverRead MoreIslamic History And Themes Of Islam1641 Words   |  7 PagesBordenkircher POLS 165 October 22, 2015 Muhammad and Islam 1) The religion of Islam was created by Muhammad after he began to get prophetic visions when he was 40 years old. The messages he preached were: monotheism, an imminent day of judgement, as well as social and economic justice for all. Since the start of this class approximately five weeks ago we have learned a great deal about ancient Islamic history and themes that are present throughout the history of Islam. This paper will discuss the relevant aspectsRead MoreSayyid Qutbs Impact on Islam636 Words   |  3 Pages2. Evaluate the impact on Islam of ONE significant person or school of thought. Sayyid Qutb had a seemingly minimal impact throughout his life, but his teachings and ideology have become of significant importance to the Islamic faith. However his views and thoughts of that are somewhat extreme have lead some followers to form organizations which are involved with radical, extreme and â€Å"terrorist† activities. Qutb’s teachings and commentary of Islamic teachings are seen to hold considerable authorityRead MoreThe Internal Debates Between Muslim Scholars Essay1602 Words   |  7 Pagesscholars, both inside and outside the Islamic World, regarding Islam and its compatibility with democracy. Are Islam and democracy compatible? Support for democracy is just as frequent as resistance in these developing nations with both sides pitching adequate arguments but in all traditions there are intellectual and ideological resources that can provide justification for an absolute monarchy or for democracy. Many argue that Islam has all the ingredients of modern state and society and many MuslimRead MoreIntegration Of Religious Faith And Business1533 Words   |  7 Pagestheir best to take their faith and the laws of business in a parallel way. Every religion has their own set of rules which shows the right path to conduct the society and help the members of the society. Integration of Religious Faith and Business in Islam (Abeng, 1997) supports the idea that in this world everyone has a set of ethics that they believe in a follow. Leading the business successfully is a complex matter as it involves various life cycle which may sometimes lead the business even to fail

A Day For The Pursuit Of Peace - 2842 Words

As Blanche Porway’s was being transported to the deleterious Auschwitz concentration camp, she told her sister in an unfacetious voice, â€Å"We have to tell the people† . . . The answer from Beril Sinnreich is that â€Å"‘it shouldn’t happen again’†, and this is a vehement ideal that many Holocaust survivors share (Shaver)1.Elie Wiesel, author of Night, also shares this ambition and has an immense passion for the pursuit of peace. September 30th, 1928 was a happy day for Shlomo and Sarah Wiesel, for it was the day that their newborn son by the name of Eliezer Wiesel was welcomed into the Wiesel household in Sighet, Transylvania. Just like many typical Orthodox Jewish families in the area, Elie Wiesel had a traditional Jewish upbringing which†¦show more content†¦After Wiesel’s freedom was so rightfully restored, he mediated to himself that he could not sent back to the tainted memory of what happened in his hometown. Rather, he went to France to reconvene with his two older sisters that withstood the horrors of the Holocaust (Goldman, Horn, and Kerner)5.During his time in Paris, Wiesel proceeded to take classes at the Sorbonne. While taking the classes, he engrossed himself in the field of journalism (â€Å"Elie Wiesel Timeline . . .†)6.In due time, Elie found a job as a correspondent for an Israeli newspaper, and he began to circumnavigated the world for his livelihood. It was up until that time where Wiesel would decline to speak about what he witnessed in the appalling event that is the Holocaust (Goldman, Horn, and Kerner)7.That is, it was not until he was persuaded by Francois Mauriac that the people of the world are ready to listen to the damnation of what he experienced. With a bountiful number of stories to write, he started with the one that would portray his perspective of the Holocaust (â€Å"Elie Wiesel†)8. After parting ways with job as an Israeli newspaper correspondent in 1972 he found a new home in the United States of America. It was in this time that he became a professor at the City College of New York. After four years in New York, Wiesel started his career as a professor at Boston University (Goldman, Horn, and Kerner)9.

Wilfred Owen Techniques - 1135 Words

Wilfred Owens war poetry Good morning/afternoon teacher and peers, Wilfred Owen was born in 1893 in Oswestry (United Kingdom). He wanted to be a poet from the age of nineteen although most of his famous work is that which he wrote in his years spent in the war where he died in 1918. The preface to Owens poetry read: â€Å"This book is not about heroes. English poetry is not yet fit to speak of them. Nor is it about deeds, or lands, nor anything about glory, honour, might, majesty, dominion, or power, except war. Above all I am not concerned with Poetry. My subject is war, and the pity of war. The poetry is in the pity. To help tell you how Owen uses poetic techniques to achieve the objective stated above i will provide an†¦show more content†¦Figurative language, as with most poetry, is readily used in much of Owens work because it helps to create tone and communicate emotion effectively. Let’s take a look at the poem mental cases for a few examples of figurative language. Metaphor, misery swelters surely we have perished. Simile, bearing teeth that leer like skulls teeth wicked? And also the poem disabled where we see an example of personification in the line that speaks of how the town used to swing so gay. Symbolism when it tells of the disabled man wearing his ghastly suit of gray, the gray symbolises the dullness and shadows that now hang over him. We often see the use of oxymoron’s and paradox when something is being contrasted within a poem such as a line from the poem dulce et decorum est, gas! GAS! Quick boys!- An ecstasy of fumbling which is used to describe the controlled panic which quickly increases as the men fumble to put on thier gas masks. A good example of a paradox also from this poem is the line that Owen writes â€Å"the devil, sick of sick† this is a paradox because the devil is a personification of sin, this is just another way he portrays how horrific war is. Rhetorical features are used by Wilfred Owen as it heightens the effect of the language, to create a more persuasive effect. Repetition is often used weather this be to make the poem sound monotonous when read suchShow MoreRelated Poetic Techniques of Wilfred Owen Essay1511 Words   |  7 PagesWilfred Owen can be considered as one of the finest war poets of all times. His war poems, a collection of works composed between January 1917, when he was first sent to the Western Front, and November 1918, when he was killed in action, use a variety of poetic techniques to allow the reader to empathise with his world, situation, emotions and thoughts. The sonnet form, para-rhymes, ironic titles, voice, and various imagery used by Owen grasp the prominent central idea of the complete futility ofRead MoreWilfred Life Of Wilfred Owen914 Words   |  4 PagesWilfred Owen Poetry Wilfred Edward Salter Owen was an English poet and soldier, whose renowned compositions were distinguished in their delivery of a tenacious condemnation of the First World War. Born, 18 March 1893 in Oswestry, Shropshire, Owen commenced his poetic endeavours through his adolescence, and after having completed his schooling, soon became a teaching assistant and aspired for vocational pursuits. However, these were soon disparaged with the eminence of the Fist World War, and inRead MoreWilfred Owen s Life And Work1207 Words   |  5 PagesWilfred Owen born in Oswestry, raised in Birkenhead and Shrewsbury. In 1913 Owen broke from the Roam Catholic Church and went to teach English in France. Owen always had the determination to become a poet. While teaching in France, he worked on the rhyming patterns which became the prominent characteristics of his poetry. In 1915 Owen enlisted in the British Army. His first experiences in January-May 1917 of active service was as an officer at the Bat tle of the Somme. Battle of Somme, led to hisRead MoreHarper Lee, The Sentry By Wilfred Owen, And Good Guys Dead By Ernest Hemingway Essay3751 Words   |  16 Pagesbeen formed to answer questions and form relationships between authors and the reason(s) or any influence(s) as to why the following authors have developed their work: Harper Lee, Wilfred Owens, Ernest Hemingway. I decided to investigate the following texts: To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee, The Sentry by Wilfred Owen, To Good Guys Dead by Ernest Hemingway. If the aim is to find out whether early life experiences of these authors or the time setting when they grew up in promoted or influenced theRead MoreComparing the Ways Michael Herr in Dispatches and Pat Barker in Regeneration Show the Effects of War2879 Words   |  12 Pageswho were there. As an autobiography centered around Herrs experience of Vietnam Dispatches provides a different reading experience to Barkers novel, which is loosely based on the real life meeting between Siegfried Sassoon, Wilfred Owen and Dr. W.H.R Rivers at Craiglockhart War Hospital during The First World War. Due to the different approaches the structure of the books is different and that affects how the effect of war is shown. Dispatches is a tapestry of Read More Wilfred Owen uses many techniques in his poem Dulce et Decorum est to1082 Words   |  5 PagesWilfred Owen uses many techniques in his poem Dulce et Decorum est to convey the horror and conditions The poem Dulce et Decorum est is about the horrible things the soldiers had to see and the awful conditions that the soldiers had to fight through. Wilfred Owen uses many techniques in his poem Dulce et Decorum est to convey the horror and conditions of the war. These techniques will be explained and the purpose of each section will be will also be described. In the first sectionRead MoreHow Does Wilfred Owen Explore the Horror of War Through the Power of Poetry?1110 Words   |  5 PagesWilfred Owen, War Poems and Others How does Wilfred Owen explore the horror of war through the power of poetry? Throughout the several poems Wilfred Owen wrote throughout his experience during the First World War, he explores many themes in relation to the war and the emotions associated with these. One of the most prevalent ideas Wilfred Owen chooses to emphasise in many of his poems is that of the sense of horror associated with war and all the consequences of it such as those including deathRead MoreClose Study of Texts - Wilfred Owen Essays1004 Words   |  5 Pagesdoes Owen’s portrayal of the relationship between youth and war move us to a deeper understanding of suffering? As an anti-war poet, Wilfred Owen uses his literary skills to express his perspective on human conflict and the wastage involved with war, the horrors of war, and its negative effects and outcomes. As a young man involved in the war himself, Owen obtained personal objectivity of the dehumanisation of young people during the war, as well as the false glorification that the world hasRead More Write an essay about how Owens poetry describes the plight of the732 Words   |  3 PagesWrite an essay about how Owens poetry describes the plight of the soldiers. In many of Wilfred Owens poems, he describes the suffering and the agony of the common soldier during war, not only on the battlefront, but he also describes the after-effects of war and its cruelty. Owens poetry is inclined towards and elegiac nature with the function to arouse grief and to stimulate remembrance. Owen is usually best when the emotion of grief predominates over disgust in his poems and when tributeRead MoreAnger and Injustice Described in Wilfred Owens Poem Dulce et Decorum est1033 Words   |  5 PagesDecorum est was written by Wilfred Owen during World War One, and is probably the most popular war-poem ever written.The title is part of the Latin phrase Dulce et decorum est pro patria mori which means It is sweet and right to die for your country. Wilfred Owen saw the war first-hand and this poem is about a gas attack that he witnessed. Throughout this poem Owen gives the sense of anger and injustice through the use of many different poetic techniques. Wilfred Owen emphasises the condition

Analysis of case study on Essay Big Energy

Question: Case Study Essay: Big Energy Sally Johnson is a member of the management team of XYZ Energy, a major government-owned energy company. Following a high-profile corporate sales process, XYZ Energy was bought by one of its private-sector competitors, Big Energy, for a record price. XYZ Energy was successful company that had established strong, efficient and robust processes and systems to manage its business and risks. It had also innovated new processes in areas, which gave it significant competitive advantage. The company had a loyal staff with relatively low turnover. The XYZ Energy management team was well respected by employees. A large majority of staff worked hard throughout the lead up to the sale to support the process and support each other. Although morale was not high, it was better than had initially been envisaged when the sales process was announced, the staff were extremely proud of the value they had built up for the company, and it was felt that Big Energy must see significant value in the existing processes and systems of XYZ Energy, as well as in their customer base. The core business structure of both companies was similar, not surprisingly given they both operated in the same energy retailing market. For example, both companies had marketing, commercial, operational and trading department, and each one of these areas was represented on the companies management teams. XYZ Energy also had a strategy department, which Sally Johnson managed. At the point of the sale, the chief executive and functional business members of the management team were immediately made redundant prior to any integration of XYZ Energys operations into Big Energy. Sally was retained post sale to facilitate parts of the integration or operations. With the removal of the core management team, it quickly became clear that Big Energy wished to remove the majority of the remaining staff as rapidly as possible once the essential integration of core operations was completed. Instantly the morale with the XYZ Energy staff plummeted as they realized that, like the management team members, they would not be allowed to compete for their jobs based on merit. Morale continued to decline and frustration arose as Big Energy failed to leverage innovative processes and systems for its own competitive advantage, focusing on the speed of integration rather than its quality and the long-term benefits. Big Energys senior management rarely came to the remote office to engage with their new team, and staff numbers dwindled as people elected to leave and more redundancies were occurred. Sally felt a strong loyalty towards the staff that had supported the growth of XYZ Energy, and therefore, immense anguish for them as their fate became clear. She attempted to argue to senior management that Big Energy should revisit its integration model and priorities in-order to preserve and leverage the competitive advantages and key skilled staff it had acquired. Questions 1 The rapid rate, at which Big Energy has opted to absorb XYZ Energy into its existing business model, has had an adverse impact on the employees that originally came from XYZ Energy. Discuss the impact of this integration model on the overall the attitudes, values and behaviours of the remaining XYZ staff members. Question 2 Based on your analysis in Question 1, you are required to provide management at Big Energy with some recommended strategies for dealing with the identified issues. Answers: Introduction Organizational behavior is the study that analyses and examines the organigram or the organizational structure that has an effect on the organizational behavior and also related to the other organizations (Bauer and Jenny, 2013). Because of the merger of Big Energy and XYZ Company, employees of XYZ Company faced several issues. This study aims to evaluate the issues faced by the employees in terms of attitude, behavior and values. Before going into detailed study of the case, however, there should have a clear about the scope of the organizational behavior: Influence of personality on performance. Motivation of employees. Creating effective teams and groups. 1. Attitude is the state of mind which is developed through experience and is always ready to exercise an active impact on a persons response to any circumstances to which an individual can be aimed at (Locke, 2009). As the chief executive and the functional business members were made unneeded employees of the XYZ Company felt demotivated and anticipated that they would be allowed to struggle for their job based on their merit. Thus the attitude of the employees started to change and the attrition rate of the organization started to rise high. Behavior of the employees towards the organization has changed because their morale was dwindling. Loyalty towards the growth of the company was the value of XYZ organization which was now diminishing due to the impact of the integration model. The employees were frustrated because the management did not look after the welfare of the people and only focused on the process of integration rather than quality of work and long-term profits. There are two theories on which organizational behavior can be based: Micro organizational behavior theory: This behavior relates to the behavior of an individual and group dynamics in a workplace. Macro organizational behavior theory: This theory refers to the entire organizations and also industries, which includes how they operate and the strategies, frameworks and the incidents that direct them. Values are beliefs that we hold and which are under our control. It varies from one individual to another and one organization to another. It lays the foundation of attitude and motivation (Ujjainia, n.d.). It influences attitude and behavior. The values of Big Energy and XYZ organization did not harmonize between the supervisors and the employees which eventually had an impact on the interpersonal relationships on the effectiveness of the managerial leadership. The integration of the companies had a severe effect on the employees as their growth and development was at stake and encouragement was at its least thus when Sally tried to argue it was of no use and people started to leave one by one. The managerial skills of the management of Big Energy are to be questioned. The management lacked in human relations skills, where they lacked the ability to interact efficiently with employees of the acquired organization. The study of this particular paper is based on the second theory, i.e . macro organizational theory. Another key point of organizational behavior is culture. Organizational behavior depends greatly on culture (Schermerhorn, Osborn and Hunt, 2000). Company or corporate culture is hard to characterize but it is very much significant on how the organizations behave. Following is given the Scheins behavior model which emphasizes the three essential factors of an organizational culture. The case study depicts that XYZ organization had their own culture and all the employees have adapted themselves to it. The top management team was respected by all the employees because there was no autocratic leadership (Bloisi, Cook and Hunsaker, 2007). Every decision of the employees were encouraged and appreciated. The culture of XYZ organization can be illustrated with the help of the above model Artifacts: This includes the tangible elements of the organization like dress code, office jokes, furniture, etc. All these represent organizational artifacts which are recognized by people not a part of the culture. Values: These are the rules and stated values by way of which the employees of the organization represent themselves and to the others. XYZ organization had that professionalism. The organization had a value of competing for their work based on merit, but after Big Energy bought them the employees lost their motivation. Assumptions: These are implanted behaviors which are generally unconscious but constitute the spirit of the culture. After Big Energy bought XYZ energy, things have changed for XYZ not in a very good way. It is always seen that during mergers and acquisition the culture and behavior of two organizations are added up to create a business ambience that can strengthen or demoralize the success of an organization. In case of Big Energy and XYZ Energy, functioning from within companys technique, both the employees (of XYZ Energy) and the management (of Big Energy) are having difficulty to recognize the models of behavior and also how deeply the patterns can have an impact on the performance of the company. The mission of Big Energy should have been to make a positive influence and help the employees of the acquired organization to take hold of the significant of the behaviors of the organization so that every employee gets involved in making the companys future better and recognize and outline the internal setting of the company (Buelens, 2011). The essential component of an organization is human resour ce or the people because they make up the inner societal system of the organization (BOTTOM and KONG, 2010). They are the ones who created the organization and it exists to attain their objectives. The organizations exist to serve these people. The employees are the one vital resource that needs to be carefully managed. The employees of XYZ were not given much importance which decreased their morale and enthusiasm to work under the name of Big Energy. The root cause of the problem in the merged organization is that Big Energy could not relate to the scope of the organizational behavior. 2. It is noted that Big Energy failed to (a) recognize the sentiments of the remaining employees (b) evaluate and assess the outcomes of the integration taken and (c) inspect the concepts by which the attitude and behavior of the employees could be changed. The top management severely lacked in conceptual skills. Certain models are given by many theorists of organizational behavior, which were not utilized by the management of the Big Energy (Middleton, 2002). Thus we see that there are many issues in the integrated organization which had a negative impact on the people that made them leave the company. Big Energy wished to move the rest of the employees just after the integration of the core operations were complete. The integration model of Big Energy only focused on the competitive advantage of their company for earning long-term profits. It focused on the pace of integration rather than quality; they were not successful in acquiring innovative process of operations and system which demotivated the employees of the remaining organization. It is recommended for the Big Energy to go back to the behavioral model of organizational efficiency, which assesses the application of the knowledge and managerial skills to the people to examine behavior of group an individual. It is the employees and their value system and confidence on the leadership which makes an organization. The management of Big Energy needs to describe, understand, predict and control the behavior of the remaining employees in the organization. Following explanations are given for the same: Describe: The management must describe the individual behavior under his authority and recognize the attitude and should be able to point the behavior so that the situation of the organization is under check. Understand: When the employees started losing enthusiasm and elected to leave, Big Energy management should have understood the employee behavior as to why they are behaving in a different way and try to detect the cons so that measures can be taken to stabilize the environment. Predict: It was mentioned that Big Energy hardly came to the remote office to engage with their new team. One of the main aspects of the behavior model is to have frequent interactions with the employees so that the management is able to identify the personality of the workers. This helps the management to spot the employees who are prompt and orderly so that their work can be channelized to high yield. Control: Big Energy only concentrated on the integration process and not on the employees or the quality of work. They are recommended to train the employees and aim at their development process so that enthusiasm of the employees is redirected to the goals of the organization. The management should control the work environment to make it appropriate for the employees to work efficiently and effectively to gain higher production. Inter-dependence and management of processes is crucial for an organization to gain higher productivity and high job satisfaction of the employees. So Big Energy should ensure that the morale of the employees should always be high. They should use managerial sayings and dictums. After integration the morale of the XYZ organization was going down, the management of Big Energy should be transparent and uphold high level of value system and portray right behavior. By doing this they would be able to build a culture for its current integrated organization and bind all the employees to mutual cultural relationship. The fundamental of management is the integration of other resources with human resource so as to achieve desired goals of the organization. With not only concentrating on integration process Big Energy should also look after the human resource of the organization so that the morale of the employees are intact and keeping the attrition rate low. Big Energy should understand the nature of the organization and then take decisions (Lee and Pai, 2003). Also they should investigate the environment during change and as well as the employee needs so that they can use the model which is best suited for the organization to get better result. Some recommended models which are best suited for the integrated organization are: Supportive Model: This model depends highly on leadership. As for example, managers and officials of Big Energy should have supported and encouraged the remaining employees to perform well in their job. They should have got along with each other and helped the employees to develop their skills. Performance will be stimulated and better results will be achieved. Collegial Model: In this model the employees and management should work together cooperatively and accomplish their task. Here everyone has to work together as a team; they will have equal energy, willpower and responsibility towards their tasks. Big Energy should try to infuse the enthusiasm in the remaining employees so that they do not get demoralized with the integration and perform nicely competing with each other to get the desired results. System Model: The pedestal of this model is self-motivation and trust, and then it helps the performance to improve and better results are expected. This model is going to work in the integrated organization because the employees will be obligated to do their job and as well as accomplish organizational goals. Big Energy should convince the remaining employees that they are an important part of the whole integrated system so that they do not lose their morale. Big Energy is also recommended to follow McGregors Theory Y, relating to the case study with this theory, the remaining employees are self-motivated and ambitious but their capabilities and talent is underused in the integrated organization. So Big Energy should give right conditions to the employees so that they get motivated and work well. The management should build the potential in the employees and assist them in achieving their professional goals as well as the organizational goals. They should create an atmosphere of trust and encouragement for the development of the employees so that they can communicate well and reducing the disparity between the superior and their subordinates (Robbins, 2001). Conclusions: The major challenge of Big Energy is to choose the best model and examine its effectiveness which would be best fit for the integrated organization. These models will provide fulfillment of the employee needs. The management needs to observe, consider and interact with the employees to get best results from them (Middleton, 2002). References Bauer, G. and Jenny, G. (2013). Salutogenic organizations and change. Dordrecht: Springer. Bloisi, W., Cook, C. and Hunsaker, P. (2007). Management and organisational behaviour. Maidenhead: McGraw-Hill Education. BOTTOM, W. and KONG, D. (2010). Normative Models for Strategic Decision Making in Industrial-Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior. Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 3(4), pp.417-420. Buelens, M. (2011). Organisational Behaviour. London: McGraw-Hill Education. Lee, G. and Pai, J. (2003). Effects of organizational context and inter-group behaviour on the success of strategic information systems planning: An empirical study. Behaviour Information Technology, 22(4), pp.263-280. Locke, E. (2009). Handbook of principles of organizational behavior. Chichester: John Wiley. Middleton, J. (2002). Organizational behavior. Oxford, U.K.: Capstone Pub. Robbins, S. (2001). Organizational behavior. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice Hall. Schermerhorn, J., Osborn, R. and Hunt, J. (2000). Organizational behavior. New York: Wiley. Ujjainia, G. (n.d.). Personality, Attitude, Power and Politics Affecting Organisational Behavior. SSRN Journal.

Propaganda in Pro

Propaganda refers to the form of communication that is meant to influence the feelings and attitudes of individual to believe or support a certain viewpoint. The aim of the propagandist is to ensure that an individual backs his or her position by simply presenting one side of the story.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Propaganda in Pro-slavery Arguments and Douglass’s Narrative specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Studies show that propaganda statements might be either true or false. Since the major objective is to change the minds of many people as possible, propaganda statements are often repeated and are distributed through a number of media in order to reach many individuals (Cunningham 78). In some instances, propaganda information present facts selectively in order to support a particular synthesis and in other cases, it makes use of loaded messages to incite people’s emotions instead of encouragi ng individuals to judge information rationally. Propaganda is used to influence people’s political, spiritual, and business-related views. Throughout the US history, it has been used effectively to support particular positions. During slavery, advocates of slavery system used it to justify their position while Douglass employed it to influence people’s minds against slavery. This paper looks at various aspects of propaganda, including its techniques, as well the way pro-slavery advocates and opponents, including Douglass, employed it. Classification of Propaganda In the modern society, propaganda is a term that no one would want to be associated with because of its wrong usage in Germany. In reality, propaganda is a neutral term that can be utilized in educating people to change their views towards a better future. In fact, propaganda messages could be employed effectively to encourage individuals to participate in community programs, engage in health improving practic es, take part in important events, such as census and elections, and encourage citizens to support the law enforcing agencies as far as reporting of crimes is concerned. During slavery in the United States, advocates, such as James Henry Hammond, John Calhoun, and William Joseph Harper, utilized propaganda to justify the existence of the two classes in society since they argued that it would spur economic development.Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Hammond drafted a speech, commonly referred to as Mudsill Speech of 1858, which was purely a propaganda statement encouraging individuals to be contented with the existing production system. To pro-slavery advocates, the change of the production system would destabilize society, as it would cause conflicts between the upper and the lower classes. This would be a great threat to democracy, the economy, the government, and the society in gener al. The campaigners of slavery further observed that the lower class had always existed in history, as it served a major purpose of cushioning the ruling class. Hammond used the term mudsill in his speech to claim that the lower class was a foundation of society, as it engaged in nation building through provision of labor (Tindall and Shi 56). In his view, this would encourage the whites to move civilization forward and any attempt to bring radical changes would impede socio-economic and political development. The views of pro-slavery advocates were not factual, but instead they were propaganda statements that aimed at justifying the existing mode of production at the time. Hammond encouraged slaves to continue offering free labor, as they were the important people in the production system. However, the reality was that slaves were never incorporated into the economic system and the few who participated in economic matters were incorporated as underdogs. Slavery advocates insisted t hat the system eliminated barriers placed upon individuals that prevented them from enjoying their rights as American citizens. Hammond cautioned other rich individuals in the country who supported the rights of slaves that it was dangerous to involve the landless in political matters, such as voting and presenting their candidature during elections (Finkelman 27). Involving slaves in political processes would lead to the tyranny of the multitude hence the best option was to enslave them, as they would not have the chance of changing the status quo. In the views of slavery supporters, the system was effective since it protected the interests of masters, slaves, and the entire society. Democracy suggests that each individual should be allowed to enjoy his or her rights in society, including the right to take part in economic and political matters without interference. Therefore, slavery campaigners advanced a theory that was defective implying that their claims were simply propaganda statements aimed at subjugating and discriminating against slaves who were mostly blacks. Douglass’s narrative presents some of the problems that slavery brought to the blacks in the south. Even though his ideas are mainly considered as propaganda, he presents information that would help slaves to realize their potentials in society. First, he criticizes slavery by observing that it has a damaging effect to the slaveholders, as well as the slaves.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Propaganda in Pro-slavery Arguments and Douglass’s Narrative specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The slavery system encourages a dishonest and reckless behavior among slaveholders to an extent that it damages their honored status. Based on this, he recommended that slavery was unnatural to all parties involved. For instance, slave owners were engaged in adultery and rape, which was a great threat to the wellbeing of slaves an d their families. Douglass uses Sophia Auld as an example of an individual who had high moral standards, but slaveholding converted her to a demon. Therefore, the view of Douglass on slavery is that it was an invalid system of production, which had affected the moral wellbeing of slave owners (Douglass 112). This implies that he was trying to convince slave owners to abandon the system, as it was affecting them as well. In trying to persuade slaveholders to abandon slavery, Douglass reinterpreted Christianity, terming the true religion as the Christianity of Christ while the kind of religion that slave owners practiced as the Christianity of the land. Slave owners had immoral behavior and violent actions that were inconsistent with the provisions of Christianity (Tindall and Shi 93). Through this, he was trying to convince slaveholders to quit slavery and adopt a more acceptable system of production that would suit the tenets of Christianity. The Objective of Propaganda The main goa l of any propaganda statement is to shape public opinion and change people’s views as regards to a particular subject or topic. During slavery in the United States, the views of southern plantation owners played a major role in advancing slavery in the country in the sense that many farmers believed abandoning it would be equivalent to giving blacks an undue advantage in the economy. Additionally, many slave owners were convinced that giving the landless the right to vote would be detrimental to democracy. Several techniques of propaganda exist, but slavery supporters chose to employ two of these methods, one of them being half-truth and the other is deception. Douglass supported the claims that slavery was degrading the culture of blacks. He noted that slave owners ensured the landless remained ignorant, as this would facilitate the maintenance of the status quo. However, he suggested that acquisition of knowledge is a step towards abandonment and resistance of slavery. Unli ke pro-slavery advocates, Douglass used different techniques of propaganda, including operant conditioning and testimonials. Works Cited Cunningham, Stanley. The Idea of Propaganda: A Reconstruction. Westport: Praeger, 2002. Print.Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Douglass, Fredrick. The Narrative of the Life of Fredrick Douglass. New York: Cricket House Books, 2012. Print. Finkelman, Paul. Slavery the Law. Lanham, Md: Rowman Littlefield, 2002. Print. Tindall, George, and Shi, David. America: A Narrative History. New York: W.W. Norton Co, 2013. Print. This essay on Propaganda in Pro-slavery Arguments and Douglass’s Narrative was written and submitted by user Maverick Hardy to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.