Drama Research Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Show Research Paper - Essay Example The creator of the play â€Å"A Streetcar Named Desire†, Tennessee Williams, lived in when men were depicted as pioneers of the family and riches was the aggregate of a man’s individual worth. The way that Williams decides to depict his characters shows that he planned to depict them as pariahs. Stanley Kowalski, for instance, is a straightforward man, who treats his significant other Stella rudely basically on the grounds that she is a lady and in this manner an outcast to the predominant sexual orientation. Her obligations as a spouse are to comply with his orders and endure his conduct. During this period it was viewed as basic for a man to be brutal with his significant other as he saw essential with the goal for her to gain from her mix-ups, especially inside the lower classes where viciousness appeared to be increasingly predominant. â€Å"Girls assimilate the message that you simply smile and bear it when you’re hit, while young men ingest the message that hitting by men might be proper to show love and force in relationships† (â€Å"Physical and Emotional Abuse†, 2008). After one of these ‘corrective’ assaults which makes Stella briefly leave her significant other, Stella states to her sister, â€Å"He was a decent sheep when I retu rned and he’s actually quite, embarrassed about himself† (Williams, 2309). Stella quickly returns to her better half significantly in the wake of being fiercely beaten in light of the fact that she believes she needs to for her own help and in satisfaction of her marriage promises. The peruser comprehends that today this sort of conduct is illegal and isn't endured in any way, and a lady shouldn't be hitched so as to be glad, while around then ladies needed a man for social acknowledgment. The perils of untouchable status is uncovered in the edgy manner by which ladies are depicted as relying upon a man for help. Stella states, â€Å"Stanley doesn’t give me a normal stipend, he jumps at the chance to take care of tabs himself, however - at the beginning of today he gave me ten dollars to smooth things over† (Williams, 2311). She needs

Jonathan Livingston Seagull Essay

Like Starsky and Hutch, Jaws and flared pants, Jonathan Livingston Seagull was one of the hits of the 1970s. It was even made into a film. In any case, what precisely is this book, and is it still worth perusing? Bach’s blockbuster is an elevating tale of a seagull, Jonathan, who concludes he is significantly more than only a seagull, who needs something different out of life. It comprises of less than 100 pages, remembering numerous marvelous photos of gulls for activity. The book is presently an image of the other option or New Age otherworldliness that rose as of now †yet the same number of have noted, Jonathan’s involvement with the story is a purposeful anecdote for the life of Jesus Christ. Flying into the obscure Jonathan is diverse to different winged animals in his rush: â€Å"For most gulls, it isn't flying that issues, however eating. For this gull, however, it was not eating that made a difference, yet flight.† His dad reveals to him that â€Å"The reason you fly is to eat†, and that flying for it isn't finished. All things considered, Jonathan goes through his days exploring different avenues regarding fast plunges and flying low over the water. He needs to push his cutoff points, to discover what is conceivable. Regularly, it finishes in urgent disappointment. He surrenders to simply being a piece of the group, doing things the manner in which they had consistently been finished. Be that as it may, one day he attempts a jump, and can quicken to a hundred and forty miles for each hour, â€Å"a dark cannonball under the moon†. The following day, he goes even past this, more than 200 miles for each hour, the quickest a gull had ever flown. In his festival Jonathan fli es down from the statures and flies directly through his own herd, fortunately not murdering anybody. He understands he has taken his species to another level. When he trains them what he knows, he figures, they will no longer have a worn out existence of moving between different angling boats, getting fish goes to endure. He will show them a more significant level of presence. Virtuoso ousted However the following day, Jonathan is gathered to remain before the gull Council. For his ‘reckless irresponsibility’ he is disgraced and exiled from the herd. He is told he doesn't comprehend the reason for gull life †to eat to remain alive to the extent that this would be possible. Out at the Far Cliffs, Jonathan goes through his days alone, miserable less for himself yet for the conceivable outcomes the herd has scorned. For all the time he is finding better approaches to get things done. From his flying investigations he finds that a controlled rapid jump into the water can show signs of improvement tasting fish which swim some separation beneath the surface. Incidentally, his affection for flying itself has lead to a bounty of food. Jonathan later meets a gathering of further developed gulls, gulls like him who fly for it. They bring him into another measurement, a kind of paradise for gulls, and he is informed that he is a one out of many gull, since he has t aken in the exercise of life: that it isn't simply to ‘get through’ yet to look for your own flawlessness here and there. Most gulls need to experience a thousand lives before they understand this. In the author’s words: â€Å"We pick our next world through what we realize in this one. Get the hang of nothing, and the following scene is equivalent to this one, no different constraints and lead loads to overcome.† We should look for our own flawlessness; this is the explanation behind living. Last word It may take just thirty minutes to peruse, yet Jonathan Livingston Seagullcan clear the brain and lift the sights, similar to a stroll on the sea shore taking in the salty air. It is simple now, 35 years on, to disregard the creativity of the book’s idea, and however some discover it rather naã ¯ve, in actuality it communicates immortal thoughts regarding human potential. At the point when you go to the ocean side you see gulls continually quarreling about a solitary french fry or a bread outside, and think, ‘How they quarrel about nothing!’ Yet this book gives us that a great many people resemble the gulls in Jonathan’s group: on the off chance that they just escaped their limited outlooks they would acknowledge what wealth anticipated them. Like the British traveler of a similar name, Jonathan Livingston realizes that â€Å"The gull sees most remote who flies highest†. In the event that considering enormous changes throughout your life, this book may move the certainty you need. it encourages us to would what you like to do overlooking what others will consider you.. be that as it may, we should full heartedly practice to accomplish our fantasy simply like Jonathon Livingston ,each time he practice he comes to know the mix-up in his fly needs flawlessness so he goes through days and evenings getting familiar with the speed and flight. That’s all I needed to reply.. The principal exercise that got clear to me was the exercise of how to live openly. To have the option to live the manner in which you need and not thinking about the assessments of others. This appears to me to be the most significant exercise I have gained from this book, in light of the fact that despite the fact that this might be the hardest exercise to tail I trust it gives you the best fulfillment. I have learned as of late that by simply following the â€Å"flock† you can make yourself be baffled, however by following your own heart you can amaze yourself regarding how upbeat you can be. Beginning now and proceeding into the future I intend to live by my own qualities and not be embarrassed in the event that I think uniquely in contrast to the remainder of my companions. To genuinely live uninhibitedly however, it is unavoidable that some extreme decisions should be made and that is the second exercise I achieved from the book. For the duration of our lives we will be confronted with decisions and it is our choice to either pick the way that will leave us alone really and uninhibitedly glad or the way that others figure we ought to follow. Applying this to my own life might be somewhat hard from the outset since it is consistently hard to run contrary to the natural order of things however I imagine that after some time by bit by bit settling on appropriate decisions for myself I could at long last arrive at my actual bliss. Another exercise that influenced me was the means by which we have to challenge our own constraining self-convictions. From the time we are conceived we are determined what is correct, what's going on, and what to accept.

T-Minus Six Days

T-Minus Six Days Yup, its true: CPW 2010 IS ALMOST HERE!!! My poor inbox is struggling under the sudden influx of CPW-related e-mails, and my willpower to study is slowly but surely slipping away. I cant wait until all 1100+ of you get on campus! Its going to be EPIC. As those of you who tuned into the CPW live chat already know, your hosts will be contacting you this coming Sunday or Monday. If you have any questions for your host, have them ready! I was lucky last year in that my host was someone I already knew, but for many of you, that wont be the case. Its not a bad idea to exchange e-mails with your host before you get here, just to get to know them a little better. If youre nice to them, they might be willing to snag a cot for you to sleep on, which means you wont have to lug a sleeping bag halfway across the country or world, whichever it may be :) If youve checked out the CPW website, you will have noticed a list of things to pack. Notice that one of the items listed is a camera. Do NOT forget your camera! I think I came home from CPW last year with close to 200 pictures, and I would have taken more, were it not for the fact that my battery ran out of power and I didnt have my charger. Speaking of which: bring your charger. As far as events go, there are a lottt (over 500? 600?). Overwhelmed as I was by the sheer number of activities and the obvious impossibility of sleep, I attempted to narrow down the events I wanted to attend at last years CPW by ranking them in terms of where Id get the most free stuff. This turned out to be an incredibly fulfilling experience. My total winnings were comprised of seven or so t-shirts (though most of them were at least three sizes too big for me because I apparently fail at pushing my way to the front of the line), a couple key chains, several pens and pencils, a couple squishy stress-relieving things, a laundry bag (hahaha), way too much candy, and a bunch of other stuff that eludes my memory at the moment. When I wasnt trying to hoard free stuff, I spent time cooking a gourmet French dinner at New House, running away from cats at Random Hall (I like dogs more), visiting classes, and attending club/majors fairs. My favorite CPW event was undoubtedly the Closing/Variety show; I know Cam blogged about this earlier, but seriously, MIT a capella groups = amazing. There was also some pretty hardcore juggling and several neat performances by MIT dance groups. Somewhere on my computer, I have a video of basically the entire show, but I wouldnt want to ruin it for you guys ;) Though I admittedly spent most of CPW on campus, I did wander out into Boston a little bit. If you get a chance to explore, I highly recommend it! Boston is one of the most lively cities Ive ever been in; I spent my last day of CPW checking out some of the restaurants, the stores, and just admiring the elegant and historic architecture. As I recall, CPW last year overlapped with the 2009 Boston marathon, so there were quite a few people running alongside the Charles. By quite a few, I mean even more than usual, which, as youll find out, is impressive; there are always people running in Boston. Anyway, thats a quick run down of CPW. Points to remember: 1) Bring a camera, 2) Explore, and 3) Have a blast with your fellow members of the MIT Class of 2014!! Ill see you all soon :)

Pride and Prejudice Study Guide

Pride and Prejudice is a novel by Jane Austen that satirizes issues of marriage and social class. It follows the relationship between the quick-to-judge Elizabeth Bennet and the haughty Mr. Darcy as both learn to mend their errors in judgment and look beyond markers of social status. First published in 1813, the bitingly funny romantic comedy has endured as both a popular favorite and a literary classic. Fast Facts: Pride and Prejudice Author: Jane AustenPublisher: Thomas Egerton, WhitehallYear Published: 1813Genre: Comedy of mannersType of Work: NovelOriginal Language: EnglishThemes: Love, marriage, pride, social class, wealth, prejudiceCharacters: Elizabeth Bennet, Fitzwilliam Darcy, Jane Bennet, Charles Bingley, George Wickham, Lydia Bennet, William CollinsNotable Adaptations: 1940 film, 1995 television miniseries (BBC), 2005 filmFun Fact: Researchers named a pheromone in male mice that attracts females â€Å"Darcin† after Mr. Darcy. Plot Summary Pride and Prejudice opens with the Bennet familys reaction to a bit of social news: the nearby Netherfield house has been leased to Mr. Bingley, a wealthy and single young man. Mrs. Bennet expresses the belief that Bingley will fall in love with one of her daughters. Her prediction proves true at the neighborhood ball, where Bingley and the sweet eldest Bennet daughter, Jane, fall in love at first sight. At the same ball, the strong-willed second daughter Elizabeth Bennet finds herself the object of disdain from Bingley’s arrogant, antisocial friend Darcy. Caroline Bingley and Mr. Darcy convince Mr. Bingley of Jane’s disinterest and separate the couple. Elizabeth’s distaste for Darcy only grows when she befriends Wickham, a young militiaman who claims that Darcy ruined his livelihood out of spite. Darcy expresses interest in Elizabeth, but Elizabeth harshly rejects Darcy’s self-absorbed proposal of marriage. The truth soon unravels. It is revealed that Wickham spent all the money Darcy’s father left him and then tried to seduce Darcy’s younger sister. During a trip with her aunt and uncle, Elizabeth visits Darcy’s estate, Pemberley, where she begins to view Darcy in a better light. Her positive impression of Darcy grows when she learns that he has secretly used his own money to convince Wickham to marry, rather than abandon, her sister Lydia Bennet. Darcys aunt, Lady Catherine, demands that Darcy marry her daughter, but her plan backfires and instead leads to Darcy and Elizabeth finding their romantic happiness alongside a reunited Jane and Bingley. Major Characters Elizabeth Bennet. The second of the five Bennet daughters, Elizabeth (â€Å"Lizzy†) is the story’s protagonist. Playful and intelligent, she prizes her ability to make judgments quickly. Her journey of self-discovery is at the heart of the story, as she learns how to discern the truth beneath first impressions. Fitzwilliam Darcy. Mr. Darcy is a haughty and wealthy landowner who snubs Elizabeth when they first meet. He is proud of his social status and is frustrated with his own attraction to Elizabeth but, like her, he learns to overcome his previous judgments to come to a truer perspective. Jane Bennet. The sweet, pretty eldest Bennet daughter. She falls in love with Charles Bingley, Her kind, nonjudgmental nature leads her to overlook Caroline Bingley’s malice until it is almost too late. Charles Bingley. Polite, open-hearted, and a little naà ¯ve, Bingley is a close friend of Darcy. He is easily influenced by Darcy’s opinions. He falls in love with Jane but is persuaded away from her, although he learns the truth in time to make amends. George Wickham. An outwardly charming soldier, Wickham’s pleasant demeanor hides a selfish, manipulative core. Though he presents himself as a victim of Darcy’s pride, he is revealed to be the problem himself. He continues his bad behavior by seducing young Lydia Bennet. Major Themes Love and Marriage. The novel focuses on the obstacles to, and the reasons for, romantic love. Most notably, it satirizes expectations about marriages of convenience and suggests that genuine compatibility and attraction—as well as honesty and respect—are the foundations of the best matches. Characters who try to subvert this thesis are the targets of the book’s biting satire. Pride. In the novel, uncontrolled pride is one of the biggest obstacles to the characters’ happiness. In particular, pride based on notions of class and status is framed as ridiculous and unfounded in real values. Prejudice. Making judgments about others can be useful, but not when those judgments are formed erroneously or quickly. The novel posits that overly confident prejudice must be overcome and tempered before the characters can reach happiness. Social Status. Austen famously satirizes the manners and obsessions of class distinctions. While none of the characters are socially mobile in the modern sense, obsessions with status are presented as foolish and arrogant. Wealth and inheritance do matter, though, as evidenced by Mr. Collins’ presence as Mr. Bennet’s heir. Literary Style Austen’s writing is famous for one particular literary device: free indirect discourse. Free indirect discourse is the technique of writing thoughts that seem to come from an individual characters mind, without shifting into first-person narration or using action tags such as she thought. This device gives readers access to inner thoughts and helps to solidify the characters’ unique voices. The novel was written in the Romantic period of literature, which was at its peak in the first half of the 19th century. The movement, which was a reaction against the onslaught of industrialism and rationalism, emphasized individuals and their emotions. Austen’s work fits into this framework to a degree, as it emphasizes decidedly non-industrial contexts and focuses primarily on the emotional lives of richly drawn individual characters. About the Author Born in 1775, Jane Austen is best known for her sharp observations of a small social circle: country gentry, with a few lower-tier military families in the mix. Her work prized the inner lives of women, featuring complicated characters who were flawed yet likable and whose internal conflicts were as important as their romantic entanglements. Austen shied away from over-sentimentality, preferring instead to mix heartfelt emotions with a helping of pointed wit.

Homelessness Is A Social Problem - 1459 Words

On any given night there are over 600,000 individuals experiencing homelessness across America (State of Homelessness, 2014). Some may be in transitional housing, others in shelters. Some may be completely on their own or with a companion of sorts, others are entire families lacking shelter, food, and basic everyday essentials more fortunate people take for granted. It is hard for anyone to believe that living on the streets could be a reality. The majority of homeless people have been driven into their unfortunate situation by sudden, unplanned events. Contrary to the popular belief that homelessness stems from some sort of mental or physical incapacity; there are plenty of other reasons that individuals end up without a home. Homelessness is a social problem, owed majorly to structural imbalance and the misdistribution of resources. Homelessness in America, specifically in California and our nation’s capitol, Washington D.C., can be compared to or even perceived as an epidem ic. With the rapid, unanticipated loss of jobs and subsequent foreclosures, anyone living anywhere near the poverty line is in danger of losing the roof over their head. CAUSES OF THE SOCIAL ISSUE Before there is any mention of the remedy for homelessness or the agonizing statistics on just who is living on the streets, the cause or the root of the problem must be identified and accepted. There is a common misconception about those who sleep under bridges and in tents (also known as chronicShow MoreRelatedIs Homelessness A Social Problem?971 Words   |  4 Pagesexperienced homelessness. Thirty five % affecting families with children and mental illness contribute to the lowest at twenty% (Students against Hunger). There are many different homeless population in between, such as military veterans, children under the age of 18, and those that have experienced domestic violence just to name a few. Homelessness is a social problem because it depletes federal funding, increases taxes, and can lead to criminal activity. The reaction to homelessness regarding theRead MoreSocial Problem Homelessness1065 Words   |  5 PagesApplication Social Problem Research: Homelessness Homelessness is becoming a major social issue in the United States, with many poor families and young people ending up in the street because of several reasons. This condition is leaving many people helpless in the streets and the number keep on rising on a daily basis. Cities like Detroit and New York are among the most populous with poor families and homeless people, making it important for government and other social agencies to find urgent solutionRead MoreHomelessness : The Social Problem Essay853 Words   |  4 PagesHousing is the social problem and the social issue addressed by the social problem is homelessness. Homelessness is â€Å"an individual who lacks housing (without regard to whether the individual is a member of a family), including an individual whose primary residence during the night is a supervised public or private facility (e.g., shelters) that provides temporary living accommodations, and an individual who is a resident in transitional housing† (HHS, 2016). The history of homelessness dates as farRead MoreThe Social Problem Of Homelessness2038 Words   |  9 PagesDescription of the social problem Homelessness is an epidemic social problem that faces several individuals and families across the United States, especially in Detroit, Michigan. You may have seen a person or family sleeping on a park bench, under bridges and other public areas. Perhaps you have seen them holding up a sign on a street corner asking for money because of the hunger pains. At some point, we all had taken a look at the person holding up their sign thinking it’s not my problem. Why shouldRead MoreHomelessness : A Social Problem2408 Words   |  10 PagesHumans are known to be social creatures. It does not matter whether an individual falls on the introverted side of a personality spectrum because some form of human interaction is needed in order to function in life. However, when individuals are shunned by society due to issues such as homelessness or mental illness, the social contact that they need in order to thrive often stops. Many individuals are condemned if they suffer with homelessness or mental illness, however the integration of individualsRead MoreHomelessness : A Serious Social Problem1464 Words   |  6 PagesHomelessness is a serious social problem in most American cities. Homeless people are those who sleep in the open air or in provisional accommodation such as shelters or hotels, have no settlement after expulsion or release from jail or hospital, or dwell provisionally with relatives or friends on account of shortage of housing (Crane et al. 154-155). American economy has developed very fast since 1980s, but homeless population has been increasing. They seem to be seen here and there in public placeRead MoreHomelessness Is A Serious Social Problem2538 Words   |  11 Pages Homelessness in America has been a considered a serious social problem for at least thirty to forty years, affecting thousands upon thousands of people in all regions of the country. The individuals and families that make up the homeless population face struggles every day that many of us may never even experience in our entire lives. There are many factors that either contribute to or directly cause homelessness. Unfortunately, many people in our society believe that homelessness is a personalRead MoreWhy Homelessness Is Worldwide And Social Problem866 Words   |  4 Pagestransitional housing† (â€Å"definition of homelessness,† n.d.). It is important to recognize that homelessness is worldwide and social problem because it is directly affected by large social forces that affects individual’s social life. In a research made by Coalition for the homeless says that in December 2015, there were 60,096 homeless people in New York City, including 14,553 homeless fam ilies with 23,885 homeless children. Moreover, this becomes a social problem, due in large involvement to structuralRead MoreHomelessness Is The Most Vital Social Problem1668 Words   |  7 Pages Out of all of the social problems that are prevalent across America, homelessness is the one that should be grabbing the nation’s attention. As of April 20th of 2015, according to the National Law Center on Homelessness and Poverty, 1,750,000 individuals in the United States were reported as being homeless (Homelessness/Poverty). Homelessness in America is a major problem, which needs to be addressed in a much more effective manner than it currently is. It should be at the forefront of everyRead MoreWhy Homelessness Is Worldwide And Social Problem858 Words   |  4 Pagestransitional housing† (â€Å"definition of homelessness,† n.d.). It is important to recognize that homelessness is worldwide and social problem because it is directly affected by large social forc es that affects individual’s social life. In a research made by Coalition for the homeless says that in December 2015, there were 60,096 homeless people in New York city, including 14,553 homeless families with 23, 885 homeless children. Moreover, this becomes a social problem, due in large part to structural inequality

Divine Roles Free Essays

University of Phoenix Material Divine Roles Across Cultures Matrix Select one common divine role that recurs in world mythology. Possible options of divine roles include the following: father or mother divinities, divinities of war, home or hearth divinities, divinities of love, divinities of wisdom, divinities of medicine or health, divinities of the wind, divinities of agriculture, divinities of the sky, ruler of all the gods, and so on. Identify the role in the title of your matrix. We will write a custom essay sample on Divine Roles or any similar topic only for you Order Now Select two myths, each from a different culture, in which the divine role appears. Identify the divinity names and cultures in columns A and B. Complete the matrix by answering each of the five questions for both selected divinities.Is the divinity male or female? How does this divinity |is the leader and they all rule their|as well as the father so they both | |interact with or compare to divinities |family and some even the world. Just |share of the same roles. The mother | |of the same gender and to divinities of|as the mother she also have a lot of |in every divinity mostly share the the opposite gender?say so in the leader ship role. same role some may act different but they have are mother. What are the divinity’s attributes, The powers that this divinity has is The powers that this divinity has is such as divine powers or to make better people by taking apart to make better people by taking apart characteristics? What objects does the in their children life because I in their children life because I divinity possess, such as a weapon or believe if people live by example believe if people live by example animal, that assist him or her? then there children are most likely then there children are most likely to follow. As a parent sometimes a to follow. As a parent sometimes a weapon can be talking to your weapon can be talking to your children or beating them with a belt. Ð ¡hildren or beating them with a belt. Identify one character from contemporary culture that shares characteristics of each divinity and explain why you chose each character. What real-life ideals does this divine role represent? How attainable are these ideals? Summary: Write a 150- to 350-word short essay addressing the following: Why do so many cultures have divinities in similar roles? How to cite Divine Roles, Essay examples

Criminology Crime Prevetion free essay sample

Respond to the questions on the comparative texts on â€Å"beggars† using the perspectives of left/right realism (approx. 500) 1. 1, 2. 1 Q1) Marsland’s article on â€Å"how to sweep these beggars from our streets† fits the right realist approach by assuming that people have chosen to be beggars of their own ‘free will’. He shows this by saying that capitalism and poverty is not the cause of them going begging he refers to them as an ‘intolerable blot’ as he believes them to as being a nuisance and are nothing more than parasites. He says â€Å"their possessive occupation like locusts swarming on the harvest†. He argues that begging should be shamed out of existence but blames the welfare as causing the escalation in begging. As he argues that they do not possess any morals and would advocate the return of the work house as he seems to favour Victorian standards and could also be likened to ‘John Major’s’ ‘back to basics’ speech which took place a year earlier. ( www. guardian. co. k,politics,1993) It could also be said that Marsland believes the beggars to be lacking in intelligence as Wilson and Hernnstein (1985) while looking at circumstances of black Latin Americans were not caused by discrimination but the ‘fact’ that they were born less intelligent. Herrnstein and Murray (1985) extended on this by linking low intelligence with criminality. (Joyce, P. (2006)  Criminal  justice: an introduction to crime and the  criminal  justice  system) Marsland also fits into the right realist approach by playing on the moral fibres of society, by describing them as not possessing the values of hard-working people and therefore creating an ‘us and them culture’. 2) How does Field’s view in Item B differ from the right realist approach? Field’s view differs dramatically from Marsland’s right realist approach as he accepts that the growth of poverty and the lack of work of many young people and their exclusion from mainstream society is a cause of them begging. In the regards to right realism, he takes an opposite view and one could argue that it is left realist approach as it empathises with the situation of the beggars and seeks to understand the problem rather than pushing it to one side. Field sees the beggars as victims of society rather than criminals and also points out that it’s a surprise that there is not more crime in society as he sees begging as a ‘fact of life’ and not a deviance. Field’s view of the behaviour of the beggars is quite the opposite from Marslands as he describes beggars as peaceful and not the aggressive menace Marsland would lead you to believe. Field also says that beggar’s are not behind the sudden dip in morals that seems to be the right realist view. Although Field seem to paint a pretty picture he does not offer any underlying reason for individual reasons for begging such as drug abuse or alcoholism and he also fails to offer any explanations as to why begging occurs in the first place. He also does not suggest any solution to the problems of beggar’s and he just simply accepts their existence. (Joyce, P. (2006)  Criminal  justice: an introduction to crime and the  criminal  justice  system) Task 2 Examine and evaluate key arguments and current debates on crime prevention and control. (approx. 800) 2. 1, 3. 1 There are two types of control in society: formal and informal control. Included in informal control is: friends, family and peer groups. The family offers control by providing us with norms and values and also sets the basis for our morality. Friends and peer groups teach people their role in society and how to conform, as well as socialisation. As friends and peers tend to be of a similar age, therefore individuals tend to relate more to their peers rather than the family. Formal social controls are organisations or systems with rigid rules, ideologies and morals that we obey. Included in formal social control is: religion, education, the mass media, the health service and the legal system. The mass media controls us by creating moral panic and reporting on things that are seen as deviant. Religion is very similar to family as it sets ground rules to norms, values and also morality. Education has been referred to as the hidden curriculum (Bowles and Gintis) as you learn without really thinking about it and teaches morality and citizenship to pupils. The health service teaches people to be concerned and responsible about their health. It can be seen as a positive form of control as people are encouraged to be more conscientious about what they are putting into their bodies. The legal system includes the police and the judicial system and can be seen as the most powerful as they teach people the correct behaviours in society with penalties being enforced if they do not obey. As well as control is prevention. There is primary crime prevention and secondary crime prevention. Primary crime prevention focuses on the environment in which criminal activity occurs. It suggests the best way to reduce crime is to prevent any opportunity of it happening. This is also known as situational crime prevention and works to design out crime. Situational crime prevention is a term used for a group of strategies used to target certain crimes such as vandalism, muggings and rape etc. This became a popular concept in the home office during the 1970’s due to the economics of the time and fell into the right wing ideology. Examples of situational crime prevention are CCTV, Speed bumps, high pressured sodium lighting and mosquito alarms (used to deter gang from hanging round shops). A study in Stoke showed that an improvement in lighting reduced crimes by 26%. A criticism of the study was that displacement could occur. However, the study shows that individuals in the adjacent areas found a reduction in crime due to the better lighting as more people were on the streets. There is also target remove which is the removal of object that may become a focus of criminal activity for example the removal of trend tool and appliances from commercial/ work vehicles during out of work hours, this is done to prevent theft and vandalism of said vehicles. (Joyce, P. (2006)  Criminal  justice: an introduction to crime and the  criminal  justice  system) Zero tolerance has also been suggested as a form crime prevention and was launched on the back of the broken window thesis (Wilson and Kelling 1982) which suggested petty crimes such as ‘vandalism’ were rectified quickly so for example if a window was broken in an area it would be fixed in order to give th e impression that the area was cared for. So zero tolerance meant that the perpetrators of said minor transgression would dealt with severely by law enforcement. This policy was delivered as a ‘hard edged’ manner to regaining the streets for law abiding citizens this approach could be criticised by the left realist approach as it plays on moral panics and is not considering why petty crimes may have taken place it just offers a quick fix solution. An argument in favour of zero tolerance I that police ntervention on minor offence could help deter the perpetrators from moving to more serious crimes. (Joyce, P. (2006)  Criminal  justice: an introduction to crime and the  criminal  justice  system) The managerial approach is in favour of zero tolerance as it is seen to be cost effective form of control of the identification and classification of risks of crime and is an efficient form of monitoring performance of similar competitive organizational target and is not concern with the out side world as long a s it internal goal are meet. For example zero tolerance reducing the over all crime rate. (Muncie J et al (edited) 1996 Criminological Perspectives, A reader) In 2003 another form of crime prevention and zero tolerance toward anti-social behaviour was but on the agenda in aim was to ‘take a stand against anti-social behaviour’ which follow what was know as the ‘respect agenda’. The anti-social behaviour act (2003) introduced several secondary crime preventative measures to deal youth offenders. For example in order to prevent graffiti taking place the anti-social behaviour act restrict the sale of aerosol paint to children and it also allows school and local authorities and youth offending to find a means to work with or punish to perpetrators of anti-social behaviour, for example banning them from the town centre at certain time and not allowing hoodies to be worn on the premises. Newburn. T (2007) criticized the anti-social behaviour act by saying that the impact it has is unknown and asks whether it is just a means of fast tracking the more persistent offenders into custody. Davies, M. , Croall, H. and Tyrer, J. (2010) Criminal  justice. 4th edn. ) Task 3: Evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of discussions on abolition in particular the work of De Haan. (approx. 500 words 4. 1 Willem De Haam argues that crime is a result of social order and believes that punishment is not the appropriate reaction, instead the criminal justice system should work with and interference with the personal live of the perpetrates of offences and offer a maximum amount of care services of to all members of society is suggested. The notion would be rejected by the right realist approach as it goes against the persuasion that perpetrators of crime do of the own free will and there for should be punished accordingly. The term ‘abolitionism’ stand for a social movement that is based on a theoretical perspective and political strategy and is consider as a radical critique of the criminal justice system and show that the are more rational ways of dealing with crime other than imprisonment. The abolitionist call for a wide variety of social responses to crime rather that the currant uniformed state reaction to the problem. De Haam argues that it should be seen as a social policy rather than a crime policy as he believes that dealing with social problems that are currently singled of as crime. The abolitionist anti-prison movement emerged at the end of the 1960 its main objective was to soften the suffering in which society inflict on its prison population this implies that a change is needed in the general thinking concerning punishment and the humanization of imprisonment in the short run followed by a replacement of the prison system by more adequate and up-to-date forms of crime control. Abolitionists also argue that countries such as the UK where their prisons are over crowded are simply ‘warehousing ‘ in order to prevent them from reoffending. (Abolitionism and crime control: a contradiction in term; in the politics of crime control, eds K. Stenson. and D. Cowell 1991) A contemporary argument for the humanization of prisoners was made by the Pauline Campbell a trustee of the Howard League for penal reform, following the death of Campbell’s daughter Sarah while on suicide watch in the care of HMP and YOL Styal Cheshire January 2003 after she experienced a brutal regime for 24 hour before her death.

Social Media Use in Internal Communication in Dubai Public Sector Companies

Free Essays on Katharine Hepburn

â€Å"I’m a personality as well as an actress,† Katharine Hepburn once declared. â€Å"Show me an actress who isn’t a personality and you’ll show me a woman who isn’t a star.† Named the top female Greatest American Screen Legend by the American Film Institute in 1999, Hepburn is one of the most prominent actors in Hollywood history. During her long, prosperous career she scraped together twelve Best Actress nominations at the Academy, winning four of them and cementing her status as an idol to many. But how did a woman who in 1933 was branded â€Å"Box Office Poison† make such a triumphant comeback? Quotes Kate: â€Å"I never realized until lately that women were supposed to be inferior. Only when a woman decides not to have children can she live like a man – That’s what I’ve done.† Nearly a century ago, Katharine Houghton Hepburn was born to a very eccentric pair of Democrats and grew up in the company of seven brothers and sisters. Her mother, also named Katharine, was one of the earliest advocates of Family Planning and worked alongside husband Thomas to campaign for female suffrage. Kate inherited her parents’ most pronounced traits: an open and ever-expanding mind, a healthy body (maintained by constant exercise), and an inability to tell anything less than the truth. A real tomboy as a child, she wanted to be exactly like older brother Tom and often found herself climbing trees and riding bikes rather than learning to be a â€Å"lady† (which was just fine with her mom). The first tragedy in her life, though, occurred when Tom accidentally hanged himself while practicing a trick their father had taught them, and when her mother died a short time later Kate was forced to â€Å"grow up.† Now the oldest child, Hepburn enrolled at Bryn Mawr College, which was a family tradition on her mother’s side, and found her interests increasingly drawn to the stage. She switched her major before her sophomore year, a... Free Essays on Katharine Hepburn Free Essays on Katharine Hepburn â€Å"I’m a personality as well as an actress,† Katharine Hepburn once declared. â€Å"Show me an actress who isn’t a personality and you’ll show me a woman who isn’t a star.† Named the top female Greatest American Screen Legend by the American Film Institute in 1999, Hepburn is one of the most prominent actors in Hollywood history. During her long, prosperous career she scraped together twelve Best Actress nominations at the Academy, winning four of them and cementing her status as an idol to many. But how did a woman who in 1933 was branded â€Å"Box Office Poison† make such a triumphant comeback? Quotes Kate: â€Å"I never realized until lately that women were supposed to be inferior. Only when a woman decides not to have children can she live like a man – That’s what I’ve done.† Nearly a century ago, Katharine Houghton Hepburn was born to a very eccentric pair of Democrats and grew up in the company of seven brothers and sisters. Her mother, also named Katharine, was one of the earliest advocates of Family Planning and worked alongside husband Thomas to campaign for female suffrage. Kate inherited her parents’ most pronounced traits: an open and ever-expanding mind, a healthy body (maintained by constant exercise), and an inability to tell anything less than the truth. A real tomboy as a child, she wanted to be exactly like older brother Tom and often found herself climbing trees and riding bikes rather than learning to be a â€Å"lady† (which was just fine with her mom). The first tragedy in her life, though, occurred when Tom accidentally hanged himself while practicing a trick their father had taught them, and when her mother died a short time later Kate was forced to â€Å"grow up.† Now the oldest child, Hepburn enrolled at Bryn Mawr College, which was a family tradition on her mother’s side, and found her interests increasingly drawn to the stage. She switched her major before her sophomore year, a...

Philosophy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Philosophy - Essay Example Their true forms, in Plato's mind, are permanent, eternal, and nonphysical. According to Plato, because sensory objects are not completely real, the empirical realm of tangible objects is not real. As such, any beliefs people derive from their experience with these objects are unclear and undependable; however, the principles of philosophy and mathematics, both of which are discovered through inner meditation on the Forms. These principles, according to Plato, represent the only true "knowledge." After taking Plato's views and descriptions of Forms, true knowledge is an attainable trait. Additionally, Plato asserted that knowledge is composed of two essential characteristics: certainty and genuine presence. Essentially, knowledge must be infallible and certain; there can be no room for interpretation or misunderstanding. True knowledge must be fool-proof and unwavering. Additionally, knowledge's corresponding object must be genuinely real as opposed to those objects that are present in appearance only. "Because that which is fully real must, for Plato, be fixed, permanent, and unchanging, he identified the real with the ideal realm of being as opposed to the physical world of becoming" (Plato, 2007, 9). These views resulted in Plato's... t to Plato's certain view of knowledge, Plato believed that those propositions derived through sensory experience have a high degree of probability; and as such, this experience cannot be certain. Additionally, the objects in the empirical realm, such as trees, are ever-changing phenomenon; they do not remain consistent and, therefore, the experiences will not remain constant. Plato's Republic contains his distinction between two levels of human awareness. These two levels are opinion and knowledge. According to Plato, any claims brought about by a person's experience in the empirical realm with a tangible object are classified as opinions only. Regardless if these opinions are founded on a solid base or not, opinions do not merit genuine knowledge. Knowledge, considered to be the higher of the two levels of awareness, entails logic and reasoning rather than experience. Logic and reasoning, if used correctly, will lead to intellectual insights. These insights are certain and, consequently, infallible. According to Plato, the representative objects of these intellectual insights are the eternal and permanent Forms. Therefore, according to Plato, the relationship between experience and knowledge is a complicated one. Experience does not, directly, lead to knowledge or equate to knowledge because experience is fallible and unreliable. One person may experience an event differently than another. What a person experiences at one time with a tangible object may change at a later time because tangible objects remain in a state of perpetual change. Alone, experience will result in the formulation of a person's opinions regarding an object. However, if logic and reasoning is applied to a person's experience, that person can reach a true knowledge about that object, and

Art Fund Proposal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Art Fund Proposal - Essay Example Impressionists did not use color black but rather used dark greens, blues and purples to convey shadows and darkness. The impressionists included Claude Monet, Berthe Morisot, Mary Cassatt, August Renoir, and Edgar Degas. They painted en Plein air, meaning that the painting was outdoors and that it tried to capture those fleeting moments of beauty as well as the vivid colors that sunlight illuminated. They were less fascinated in symbolism and in a form. However the main characteristics include relatively thin, small but visible brush strokes, it involves open composition, emphasizes on accuracy in the depiction of lights in its changing qualities, ordinary subject matter, common, visual angles that are unusual and inclusion of movement. I chose to fund on impressionist mostly because of the artists in the group. I feel they were focused and dedicated to painting. For instance Claude, Monate prioritized on the mixing of colors and then afterwards he would think of which image to paint. I also like this category of artwork due to the fact that it was motivated by photography which had started to gain popularity by then and it went on to represent momentary action in the fleeting lights of landscape and day to day lives of people. Examples of artworks Some of the examples of impressionism artworks that would be amusing for acquisition by the fund include Port of Dieppe, evening, 1882, water lilies, 1916 both by Claude Monet, the visitor, about 1880 by Mary Cassatt, at the cafe, about 1879, still life, 1869 by Henry Fantin-Latour Market analysis In determining the marketability of impressionist art, the price indices must be computed. Impressionist art is not a homogeneous commodity and therefore not traded in well organized markets such as stocks and bonds. It has special features which include reputation and reliability which make it be characterized by a hierarchy of sub-markets. The primary market normally involves the artist taking the artwork for sale at local exhibitions, galleries and also taking directly to the customer. This normally serves to give artists an opportunity to signal their abilities mostly to the secondary market. Selling is normally by auctioning (Agnello, 1986, 446). However, auction does not capture the f luctuations in the prices of low demand and paintings that are out of fashion. Factors that may affect demand and supply include external factors such as those characteristics that surround the sale and end up affecting prices as well as returns, sale of out-of-fashion paintings, repeat sales, selling of works that have got a low public interest. The supply is affected by the demand factor and also the availability of funds (Agnello, 1986, 447). The relationship between demand and supply for the impressionism art is similar to that of luxury goods. There is a limited supply, making art have a higher value. Also, exclusivity associated with the art normally leads to higher prices thus affecting the demand curve. The indicators that may point towards the inelastic demand curve include change in taste, threat of substitutes, pricing and accessibility and changes in income (Mamarbachi & Favato, 2013, 4) Performance of the market The vogue to invest in the art has received a large boost from the availability of the art price data (Campbell, 2013, 2). However there are a number of inefficiencies in this market art as an investment has remained risky (Ralevski, 2008, 2)The art market has lead to much stronger economic expansion in some countries including brazil, India, China, Russia and South Africa. China particularly has modified profoundly the geographical structure of the global art market. In Beijing Hong Kong and Singapore their governments support strongly major cultural

Prevailing Political Environment In India Politics Essay

Prevailing Political Environment In India Politics Essay The term Business Environment is composed of two words Business and Environment. In simple terms, the state in which a person remains busy is known as Business. The word Business in its economic sense means human activities like production, extraction or purchase or sales of goods that are performed for  earning  profits. On the other hand, the word Environment refers to the aspects of surroundings. Therefore, Business Environment may be defined as a set of conditions Social, Legal, Economical, Political or Institutional that are uncontrollable in nature and affects the functioning of organization. Business Environment has two components: Internal Environment External Environment Internal Environment It includes 5 Ms i.e. man, material,  money, machinery and management, usually within the control of business. Business can make changes in these factors according to the change in the functioning of enterprise. External Environment Those factors which are beyond the control of business enterprise are included in  external environment. These factors are: Government and Legal factors, Geo-Physical Factors, Political Factors, Socio-Cultural Factors, Demo-Graphical factors etc. It is of two Types: Micro/Operating Environment Macro/General Environment Micro/Operating Environment The environment which is close to business and affects its capacity to work is known as Micro or Operating Environment. It consists of Suppliers, Customers,  Market Intermediaries, Competitors and Public. Suppliers:   They are the persons who supply raw material and required components to the company. They must be reliable and business must have multiple suppliers i.e. they should not depend upon only one supplier. Customers:   Customers are regarded as the king of the market. Success of every business depends upon the level of their customers satisfaction. Types of Customers: Wholesalers Retailers Industries Government and Other Institutions Foreigners (3)  Market Intermediaries:   They work as a link between business and final consumers. Types:- Middlemen Marketing Agencies Financial Intermediaries Physical Intermediaries (4) Competitors:   Every move of the competitors affects the business. Business has to adjust itself according to the strategies of the Competitors. (5) Public:   Any group who has actual interest in business enterprise is termed as public e.g. media and local public. They may be the users or non-users of the product. Macro/General Environment: It includes factors that create opportunities and threats to business units. Following are the elements of Macro Environment: Economic Environment:   It is very complex and dynamic in nature that keeps on changing with the change in policies or political situations. It has three elements: Economic Conditions of Public Economic Policies of the country Economic System Other Economic Factors: Infrastructural Facilities,  Banking,  Insurance companies,  money  markets, capital markets etc. Non-Economic Environment:   Following are included in non-economic environment:- Political Environment:   It affects different business units extensively. Components: Political Belief of Government Political Strength of the Country Relation with other countries Defense and Military Policies Thinking Opposition Parties towards Business Unit (ii) Socio-Cultural Environment:   Influence exercised by social and cultural factors, not within the control of business, is known as Socio-Cultural Environment. These factors include: attitude of people to work, family system, caste system, religion, education, marriage etc. (iii) Technological Environment:   A systematic application of scientific knowledge to practical task is known as technology. Everyday there has been vast changes in products, services, lifestyles and living conditions, these changes must be analysed by every business unit and should adapt these changes. (iv) Natural Environment:   It includes  natural resources, weather, climatic conditions, port facilities, topographical factors such as soil, sea, rivers, rainfall etc. Every business unit must look for these factors before choosing the location for their business. (v) Demographic Environment :-  It is a study of perspective of population i.e. its size, standard of living, growth rate, age-sex composition, family size, income level (upper level, middle level and lower level), education level etc. Every business unit must see these features of population and recognize their various need and produce accordingly. (vi) International Environment:   It is particularly important for industries directly depending on import or exports. The factors that affect the business are: Globalization, Liberalization, foreign business policies, cultural exchange. Characteristics:- 1. Business environment is compound in nature. 2. Business environment is constantly changing process. 3. Business environment is different for different business units. 4. It has both long term and short term impact. 5. Unlimited influence of  external environment  factors. 6. It is very uncertain. 7. Inter-related components. 8. It includes both internal and  external environment. Political Environment of Business. Political environment can affect a business either positively or negatively  depending on the prevailing situation in a country. It mainly forms the external factors which are part of the macro-environment and whose control is beyond the ability of human beings.   These factors touch on the way politics are conducted in a country, which directly reflects on what is happening within the government. This means that a democratic country will accord freedom to its people to vote in a government that has their interests at heart. On the other hand, a dictatorial government will not  earn  the respect of its citizens leading to economic as well as political instability and uncertainty. Even though such a government will go, businesses suffer a lot since they are not sure of their future underlining the importance of a  democratic government  to a country and business.   It is needless to say, that once a country is stable, more  investment  opportunities will be realized thus attracting more and more  investors. This will reflect positively and directly to the local businesses, as even the citizens will have full confidence with them. In the politics of the day,  business success  depends on politics by a great percentage and in many ways. Politicians are usually the people controlling the operations of a government and will decide which countries to  trade  with as well as the  trading conditions.   The Form of Government in the prevailing political environment in India India is a federal state with a parliamentary form of government. It is governed under the 1949 constitution (effective since Jan., 1950). The president of India, who is head of state, is elected for a five-year term by the elected members of the federal and state parliaments; there are no term limits. Theoretically the president possesses full executive power, but that power actually is exercised by the prime minister (head of the majority party in the federal parliament) and council of ministers (which includes the cabinet), who are appointed by the president. The ministers are responsible to the lower house of Parliament and must be members of Parliament. The federal parliament is bicameral. The upper house, the Council of States (Rajya Sabha), consists of a maximum of 250 members; the great majority are apportioned by state-each states delegates are chosen by its elected assembly-and 12 members are appointed by the president. In addition, one member represents the union territory of Pondicherry. Members serve for six years, with one third retiring every other year. The lower house, the Peoples Assembly (Lok Sabha), is elected every five years, although it may be dissolved earlier by the president. It is composed of 545 members, 543 apportioned among the states and two chosen by the president. There is a supreme court consisting of a chief justice and 25 associate justices, all appointed by the president. Administratively, India is divided into 28 states and seven union territories. State governors are appointed by the president for five-year terms. States have either unicameral or bicameral parliaments and have jurisdiction over police and public order, agriculture, education, public health, and local government. The federal government has jurisdiction over any matter not specifically reserved for the states. In addition the president may intervene in state affairs during emergencies and may even suspend a states government. In India, we have a democratic government where people are free to vote for the party they like the most and want it to be in power to run the country for next 5 years. People exercise their right to vote and select a party from two main fronts, the national defense alliance (NDA) and the union progressive alliance (UPA). These two parties comprise the republic of India. The ideology of the ruling parties. Many  political parties  base their political action and program on an ideology. In  social studies, a Political  Ideology  is a certain ethical set of  ideals, principles,  doctrines,  myths, or symbols  of a  social movement,  institution,  class, or large group that explains how society should work, and offers some political and cultural blueprint for a certain social order. A political ideology largely concerns itself with how to allocate  power  and to what ends it should be used. Some parties follow a certain ideology very closely, while others may take broad inspiration from a group of related ideologies without specifically embracing any one of them. Economic Stability Equal distribution of income Increase in the rates of GDP and per capita income Corruption free India Increase in the rates of global trades By encouraging foreign investors to invest in India-to increase FDI( Foreign Direct investment) Strength of opposition India is a democratic country where people have the right to choose their own political party. There are many contenders during elections and the contenders who wins the elections form the ruling government. The ruling government can comprise of single party or a group of parties.The ruling party forms the government while the other parties form the opposition. Opposition also may consist of a single or a group of parties. The parties in the opposition may unite and fight against the ruling party or can fight individually. In the present scenario we have two parties who are fighting against the UPA, the ruling party. Initially, spare headed by Anna Hazare the anti corruption campaign supported by Arvind Kejriwal and Kiran Bedi started at Maharashtra.He introduced Janlokpal Bill. Role and responsibility of bureaucracy Fundamental Understanding [1] As persons having the power to legislate and who represent the people, politicians will carry out their responsibility for oversight, to ensure that public administration is conducted impartially and neutrally. In addition, under the parliamentary system they will join the government as ministers, senior vice ministers, parliamentary secretaries, etc. (hereinafter, minister/ ministers etc.) and responsibly formulate, coordinate and decide upon policies for public administration while also engaging in the guidance and supervision of the bureaucrats. Bureaucrats, as servants of the entire nation, will respect the principle of political neutrality and primarily implement policies and undertake the execution of individual public administrative duties in keeping with their areas of expertise, based on laws and ordinances. [2] Politicians will take responsibility for formulating, coordinating, and deciding upon policies. In keeping with the needs of the public grasped during the course of their duties, bureaucrats will assist politicians in formulating, coordinating, and deciding upon policies, such as through providing basic data and information for those policies, presenting multiple options, and so on. [3] Politicians and bureaucrats will have a relationship characterised by separate duties. They will act as one in executing their duties for the nation and the people, each on the basis of these separate duties. [4] Politicians and bureaucrats must each respect these separate roles for which they are responsible and always endeavor to create a relationship based on trust. Guidelines for Responses The following measures will be taken from the viewpoint of thoroughly instilling leadership by the Cabinet into decision-making on government policies. With regard to the relationship between politicians and bureaucrats, senior vice ministers and parliamentary secretaries etc. will, based on instructions by the minister, carry out the roles stipulated in the Rules Governing Ministers, Senior Vice Ministers and Parliamentary Secretaries in an appropriate and timely manner. Politico-legal institutions Political system is a set of formal legal institutions that constitute a government or a state. This is the definition adopted by many studies of the legal or constitutional arrangements of advanced political orders. More broadly defined, however, the term comprehends actual as well as prescribed forms of political behavior, not only the legal organization of the state but also the reality of how the state functions. Still more broadly defined, the political system is seen as a set of processes of interaction or as a subsystem of the social system interacting with other nonpolitical subsystems, such as the economic system. This points to the importance of informal sociopolitical processes and emphasizes the study of political development. Traditional legal or constitutional analysis, using the first definition, has produced a huge body of literature on governmental structures, many of the specialized terms that are a part of the traditional vocabulary of political science, and several instructive classifying schemes. Similarly, empirical analysis of political processes and the effort to identify the underlying realities of governmental forms have yielded a rich store of data and an important body of comparative theory. The third definition has inspired much scholarly work that employs new kinds of data, new terms, and some new concepts and categories of analysis.  

North or South: Who Killed Reconstruction Essay

â€Å"†¦the slave went free; stood a brief moment in the sun; then moved back again toward slavery† (W.E.B. Dubois). After the Civil War ended in 1865, Reconstruction began. All slaves were finally freed because of the 13th amendment. Other amendments were passed such as: the 14th amendment which gave black Americans citizenship and the 15th amendment had made it illegal to deny someone the right to vote based on race. To enforce these new laws, northerners went south to help Freedmen and Reconstruction; these people are also known as carpetbaggers. Many people resisted in the South, so it was difficult to carry out the new ideas of Reconstruction. Rebuilding the United States was not an easy task because it soon ended in 1877. Reconstruction is the process of rebuilding or reorganizing of something. Both the North and South contributed to the end of Reconstruction; but southern resistance did the most to end it. Northern neglect was one of the reasons that had ended Reconstruction. â€Å"Weary of the ‘Negro Question’ and ‘sick of carpet-bag’ government†¦ North began to turn against Reconstruction policies† (Littell). The North grew tired of trying to get the South to help Freedmen. In an article called The Death of Reconstruction: Race, Labor and Politics in the Post-Civil War North, 1865-1901, by Heather Cox Richardson, she wrote about how blacks were uncivilized people. They assumed it would take time for ‘them’ to learn the methods of the white people. Northerners started to focus on their own concerns such as the Panic of 1873, which was the loss of millions of jobs; even the president turned away from the problems of Reconstruction. Southern resistance also, had a big impact on the end of Reconstruction. In a letter, a man named Albion Tourgee wrote about the Ku Klux Klan’s actions in the south. Tourgee served as a judge in North Carolina and he believed the Klan was after carpetbaggers, such as Tourgee himself. The KKK is made up of many ordinary people; lawyers, doctors, and farmers. They threatened and killed anybody who supported Freedmen and Reconstruction. They even intimidated people as they voted. In a picture found in Harper’s Weekly in 1876, it showed white southerners forcing a black American to vote for the Democratic Party. Whites who did not support Reconstruction ensured not to  permit Reconstruction in the south. Southern resistance was what had caused the end of Reconstruction in 1877. They threatened Freedmen, Carpetbaggers, Scalawags, and Radical Republicans. The South resisted so much; the North could not support Reconstruction any longer. The KKK was constantly killing people who favored Reconstruction, and the North was losing hope. The Klan wanted to end Reconstruction and stop African-Americans from joining the white society. They killed people in public to show they would not back down, and the resistance from these people made Reconstruction a struggling task.

History of public administration Essay

Glossary Bibliography Biographical Sketch Summary Historical accounts of African public administration often highlight the colonial setting and usually overlook pre-colonial Africa. The African civil service has its roots in precolonial institutions on which European powers relied to build the colonial state and consolidate their administration. Thus, this chapter analyzes the development of African administration from the pre-colonial era up to the present. The first section discusses the pre-colonial period. The colonial system constitutes the second section. The third section deals with the post-colonial period and discusses some problems associated with African administration. 1. The Pre-Colonial Period: From the Ashes of Pharaohs to the Berlin Conference At the end of the prehistoric period (10 000 BC), some African nomadic bands began to settle more permanently in villages along the Nile River to develop the political foundation of ancient Egypt. As these early farmers increased their mastery over soil and animal life, irrigation became a key development strategy to increase food production, which in turn multiplied their populations. Eventually, different villages came to recognize their common interests, to coordinate their efforts and broaden community linkages. People from different communities joined together through confederation or conquest for purposes of commerce or defense, and developed African  ©Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS) PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION AND PUBLIC POLICY – Vol. I – Development of African Administration: Pre-Colonial Times and since – Emizet F. Kisangani empires, kingdoms, and chieftaincies. Two types of systems, hierarchical political systems and horizontal or acephalous societies, developed to help generate stable communities and foster prosperity. U SA NE M SC PL O E – C EO H AP LS TE S R S Stateless societies were small political entities and had no bureaucracies as they were mostly based on kinship. Hierarchical societies, however, had bureaucracies to carry out certain functions such as collecting taxes, supervising ceremonies, entertaining dignitaries, and compelling people to do the rulers’ bidding. These polities, which evolved before the arrival of Europeans in Africa, were either centralized or decentralized political entities presided over by emperors, kings, chiefs, or military commanders. The following analysis covers the first hierarchical form of rule that emerged some three millennia BC in ancient Egypt, followed by a brief overview of Medieval Africa. The final sub-section discusses the African administration up to the Berlin Conference in 1884-1885. 1. 1. Ancient Civilization of Africa: The Case of Egypt Around 3300 BC, farming lineages along the Nile Valley joined together as villages to increase production of food and to defend themselves against outsiders. From these villages regional confederations of Upper and Lower Egypt developed. By 3100 BC, a central authority emerged and unified these confederations under the rule of divine pharaohs. From 2700 to 2181, six dynasties succeeded each other to form the Old Kingdom. A century and a half of civil war and provincial rivalries gave rise to the First Intermediate Period and the Middle Kingdoms that ruled Egypt from 2080 to 1640 BC. The Middle Kingdom was replaced by the Second Intermediate Period and the New Kingdom from 1570 to 1090 BC. Three dynasties (18th through 20th) ruled in the New Kingdom and the Third Intermediate Period began around 1089 BC with the Kushite Kings. The Egyptian empire was multinational consequent to the conquest of foreign nations. The Old and Middle Kingdoms were highly centralized and ruled by â€Å"god-kings† or pharaohs. With its capital at Memphis, the Old Kingdom was divided into provinces. Next to the king was the vizier, the administrative hand of the king, who was also in charge of day to day administrative, fiscal, and judicial matters. Although very few administrative documents have survived, court documents provide a glimpse of the Egyptian bureaucracy. Three basic administrative divisions existed: the Department of the Head of the South, the Office of Government Labor, and the Treasury. The Palermo Stone provides further evidence of administrative structure in the collection of revenue and in the assessment of Egyptian wealth. On the Stone was documented a biennial administrative census that left nothing unaccounted for, so that taxes could be assessed even on the basis of canals, lakes, wells, and trees of an estate. The system consisted of a hierarchical structure with diverse administrative agencies spreading throughout the kingdom for effective management. Another governmental task was the administration of justice, on which was founded the concept of ma‘at (or justice), whereby some high priests bore the title of priest of Ma‘at. In addition to the capital city of Memphis, there were other towns of importance that  ©Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS) PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION AND PUBLIC POLICY – Vol. I – Development of African Administration: Pre-Colonial Times and since – Emizet F. Kisangani made up provinces headed by town governors, who were also chief priests in charge of temple revenue in many parts of Ancient Egypt. Provincial temples were the subject of central government regulations to avoid any strong power at the provincial level. However, during the first intermediate period, the office of governor in charge of civil affairs became the office of chief priest. U SA NE M SC PL O E – C EO H AP LS TE S R S The role of bureaucracy in these early kingdoms was to facilitate the transfer of resources from different provinces to the king’s court. If early administrations were in charge of maintaining irrigation and agricultural output, later administrations seemed to be more involved in supervising construction work and wealth transfer. The proliferation of these later types of bureaucracies, at the expense of those that used to maintain the agricultural system, would probably have produced pressures on the agricultural output and might have been the first sign of political decay in Ancient Egypt. The centralized system itself between the king, court officers, and ambitious governors may also have led to the same result. The New Kingdom and the Third Intermediate Period generated a great mass of documentation about Egyptian political and administrative life. The form of government remained the same, based on divine kingship. The government always stressed the religious function of the political system. Under the auspices of Gods, the government was expected to maintain the integrity of Egyptian territory and expand its frontiers. The most important function of the government was to create civic and individual security, and the vizier carried out the duty of ensuring that law and regulations were obeyed throughout the bureaucracy. The society was divided into hierarchical stratifications with the king at the top, a small group of high-ranking and wealthy officials next, and a much larger group of bureaucrats (scribes), priests, soldiers, stable masters, citizens, cultivators, and herdsmen filling the bottom layer. The Egyptian political system under the New Kingdom and the Third Intermediate Period was divided into an internal government and a government of conquests. Internally, the civil government was run by two viziers (northern and southern), overseer of the granaries of upper and lower Egypt, and the chief taxing master. The two viziers also supervised the overseer of the treasury and lower level officials in charge of bureaucracy, judiciary, and the police. At the lowest level of the administrative hierarchy were the chiefs, town mayors, and councils. The government of conquests had several governors who supervised vassal kings and their battalion commanders. Most of the Northern Lands were small and scattered, and under the direct control of various battalion commanders. The goal of this decentralization scheme was to obstruct anyone from controlling a large estate and challenging the king’s power. The governor of the Southern Lands was the Viceroy of Kush and his role became important internally at the end of the Twentieth Dynasty. He also supervised two deputies and a battalion commander. Military forces were all centralized under one commander. In addition to these administrative entities, there existed a religious government hierarchy, with the â€Å"overseer of prophets† at the top, a position held at various times by a vizier who was the head of two high priests. Below them was the priesthood bureaucracy. The corps of the centralized system was maintained by a small group of powerful officials. They headed each department and reported directly to the king who appointed  ©Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS) PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION AND PUBLIC POLICY – Vol. I – Development of African Administration: Pre-Colonial Times and since – Emizet F. Kisangani and removed them. The bureaucracy consisted of a group of educated scribes whose role consisted of collecting taxes, conducting censuses, regulating agriculture, and administering justice and law with a small police force. A professional army was divided into various units, each with its own hierarchy of officers. U SA NE M SC PL O E – C EO H AP LS TE S R S Pressures on land and rising inflation may have been politically significant in later days of the New Kingdom, though bureaucratic inefficiency and abuse of power were probably the main causes of economic collapse. Besides the deterioration of administrative integrity, another major cause that weakened the kingship was the changing relationship between the king, civil government, army, and a few powerful families. Some families came to control major economic resources of the state, and the civil service became less susceptible to royal control. In addition, the kings’ tours of their provinces became less frequent, and royal princes and other deputies carried out religious rites formerly performed by the kings. During the ensuing Third Intermediate Period (1069 – 664 BC), Egypt was in perpetual crisis and the Egyptian civilization disappeared after the Roman conquest around 30 BC. In summary, the evolution of Ancient Egypt is characterized by the rise and fall of large scale governments that reflect alternating periods of unification and fragmentation. 1. 2. Medieval Africa Medieval Africa was different from the Ancient in several respects. First, Medieval leaders attempted to balance local traditions and regional autonomy in response to their people’s needs by developing and consolidating large-scale kingdoms and empires for purposes of trade or defense. A second difference was the impact of Islam on African societies. Muslims believed that one God (Allah) called on them to undertake jihads (commonly known as holy war against non-believers) when necessary. The most renowned of Africa’s medieval empires of Mali, Songhay and Morocco rose to the highest stages of their international influence with Islam as the imperial religion. Other medieval African kingdoms and empires developed indigenous political ideologies based on regional customs and beliefs, while Coptic Christianity remained the official state religion in the Abyssinian kingdom of medieval Ethiopia. In 969 A. D. , Muslims from the Maghreb conquered Egypt and established the Fatimid Dynasty in Cairo (c. 970-1170 A. D. ), which was highly hierarchical and whose military was highly professionalized. This strict hierarchy of officials, and the controlling powers of the vizier, left room neither for the autonomous tendencies of provincial governors nor for the growth of widespread corruption. Tolerant of other religions, the system let Copts and Jews occupy prestigious positions in the administration. The centralized administration controlled tax revenues, the payment of troops, and the allocation of military fiefs. The Fatimid administration was in charge of regulating and distributing the waters of the Nile River. Dams and canals were regularly repaired and improved; even an occasional period of low water did not greatly damage the general economic situation. When the Fatimid rule in Egypt was threatened by European Christian Crusaders (c. 1170), it was Egypt’s professional soldiers, or Mamluks (slave-soldier), who rallied behind Saladin to defeat the Crusaders. He then established a new Mamluk Dynasty in  ©Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS) PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION AND PUBLIC POLICY – Vol. I – Development of African Administration: Pre-Colonial Times and since – Emizet F. Kisangani Cairo from 1171 to1517. By the thirteenth century, the institution of the slave-soldiers became an integral part of the political and social system in many Muslim countries. The Mamluk oligarchy never accepted in its ranks someone who was not a slave soldier, so that the military establishment not only remained hierarchical, but also continued to be a caste dominated by slave soldiers. U SA NE M SC PL O E – C EO H AP LS TE S R S Most Mamluk caliphates were divided into military fiefs centralized under one single Caliph. The basic administrative entity was the village because the Mamluk dynasty obtained most of its revenues from landed estates. A major innovation to ensure payment was that the peasants were prohibited from leaving their villages without permission. In addition to land taxes, the Mamluk caliphates drew their revenues from customs duties, based on ad valorem and the religion of the merchants, so that Christian importers had to pay taxes as high as 30%, whereas Muslim importers paid only 10%. This canonical tax was abolished under the reform of 1316. Several other kingdoms, such as Ghana and Mali, developed in Medieval Western Sudan. But the best known was the Kingdom of Songhay founded around the trading town of Gao (c. 1000 A. D. ). The Songhay Kingdom broke away from Mali and subsequently arose to become the third great empire in the medieval western Sudan (c. 1460-1590). Songhay’s founding emperor, Sunni Ali, established imperial authority northward into the Sahara in order to control international trade routes and valuable deposits of rock salt (which was mined and cut into large blocks to be traded for gold). Following Ali’s death, one of his generals, Muhammad Toure, overthrew the legitimate heir, and embarked on a hajj to Mecca. In 1496 he returned to wage jihad against nonMuslims. He conquered new territories and ruled over Songhay’s expanded empire as Caliph of West Africa. Under Muhammad’s authority (1493-1528), Songhay, especially the towns of Timbuktu and Jenne, rose to become one of the medieval world’s largest multinational empires. The administrative system was open enough to provide lower level citizens some type of upward social mobility. The empire was highly decentralized and Islam was used as a tool to assimilate different communities. Different categories of slaves cultivated fields, constructed adobe buildings and mosques, acted as porters, or served as soldiers and officials in the imperial government. Some of the latter rose through government and military bureaucracies by virtue of meritorious work to achieve high positions of administrative responsibility, as did soldier Muhammad Toure, when he rose by military merit to become a general and then became the emperor of Songhay. As emperor of Songhay, Muhammad established effective central supervision over provincial governors. He also reformed Songhay’s imperial government so that merit (rather than birth) became the principal criterion for advancement in bureaucracy. Eventually, after Muhammad became blind and was deposed in 1528, Songhay’s trans-Saharan trade declined. This was also partly due to competition from European sea traders along the West African Atlantic coast, which undercut the trans-Saharan gold trade. After severe political crises of succession disputes, rebellions and civil war that Songhay emperors faced during the 1580s, their imperial army was decisively defeated by Morocco’s elite musketeers at the Battle of Tondibi in 1591. Other kingdoms and chieftaincies came up throughout Central, Eastern and Southern  ©Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS) PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION AND PUBLIC POLICY – Vol. I – Development of African Administration: Pre-Colonial Times and since – Emizet F. Kisangani Africa. Although some of these polities were decentralized or confederated, most of them developed as centralized systems where the king or the chief represented the top, followed by the house of the king or an inner circle of advisors, and finally the Council of Elders as the legislative branch. The army and bureaucrats were in charge of maintaining security and law, collecting taxes, and conducting censuses. In most polities, age was a major social feature of stratification, while in other areas the system was meritocractic. 1. 3. Beyond the Medieval Era to the Nineteenth Century U SA NE M SC PL O E – C EO H AP LS TE S R S In the late 1500s and through the 1700s, Europeans and Arabs introduced new weapons and made new demands for captives of war throughout Africa to meet the demands of a growing international slave trade. Consequently, many of Africa’s previous patterns of political and economic growth were disrupted, even though many of the great traditions of medieval African politics and administration continued to guide their evolution. As African kingdoms and empires continued to develop, and trade between coastal cities and interior regions expanded throughout the continent, various African peoples established political confederations based on religious ideology, commercial linkages and/or military authority. Such confederations were committed to establishing broader nationalist ideologies, promoting literacy and advancement by merit, expanding both regional and international commerce, and undertaking significant administrative and military reforms. The first great reformer and leader in North Africa was an Ottoman military commander, Muhammad Ali (1805-1848). He established the first secular schools, engineering and medical colleges, modern factories, modern printing presses, and stateowned textile and munitions factories. His successors continued his policies of borrowing foreign capital and building projects, such as the Suez Canal that was completed in 1869. In the west, the original Asante confederation, established by seven clans near the city of Kumasi (in modern day Ghana), united around the symbolic Golden Stool of their ruler Asante-Hene. This confederation built roads and promoted agriculture, commerce, industry and education through self-help and self-reliance. The Asante emperors implemented several modernization policies in administration that included promoting advancement by merit and the development of state enterprise through public investment. By 1874, the British imperial army defeated the Asante army and annexed the Fante territories into their Gold Coast colony. In East Africa (c. 1800-1885), there was also a movement toward centralization of authority and broadened commercial linkages throughout the region, from Ethiopia’s Highlands to the Limpopo River in Southern Africa. In the first half of the nineteenth century, however, Africa continued to be significantly disrupted by international trade in slaves, even as new Euro-American markets began to demand large imports of such African-based commodities as palm oil, cotton, peanuts, and ivory. By mid-century, European merchants realized that Africans could produce such valuable exports more efficiently and humanely by working in their own countries than by working as slaves in the Americas. Many other nineteenth century African nations were consciously modernizing their various political economies and shifting to regional confederacies,

Leadership in Islam - 1593 Words

STEPPING OUTSIDE THE CULTURE: THE ISLAMIC WAY OF LEADERSHIP By Rohaniza M. Sumndad Leadership is defined in many ways. Richards and Engle define it as articulating visions, embodying values, and creating the environment within which things can be accomplished. Schein refer it as the ability to step outside the culture, while Drath and Plus say that it is a process of making sense of what people are doing together for people to understand and be committed. There have been several studies and concepts about it for years now, may it be leadership roles, traits and theories but do not say much about Leadership in the Islamic Perspective. Islam, a religion of peace but often misjudged and misunderstood has a very comprehensive concept of†¦show more content†¦The two sources of principles and practices that make up Islam are the Qur’an and Mohammad’s (PBUH) example as written in the Hadith (record of actions and sayings of the Prophet and his companions) that constitutes the Shari’ah (Islamic Law from Qur’an and Traditions). This law includes guiding principles in ways of worship, family, dress, finance and social relationships. Such basic practices of Muslims are called the five pillars of Islam – the testimony, offering prayers, paying Zakat (alms-giving to the poor), performing Hajj (pilgrimage to Makkah)and Sawm (Fasting) as already indicated in the facts about Islam of Mindanaw Bantula. Leadership in Islam As Islam is a comprehensive system of life, its roots of leadership generally exist in the primary and secondary resources of the Shari’ah in addition to the early practices of the early Muslims. With this concept, a leader in Islam is said to be not free to act as he chooses, nor must he submit to the desires of others --- he must act in accordance to Allah’s laws like how Prophet Mohammad (PBUH) exemplified his kind of leadership. Allah said in the Qur’an, â€Å"And We made them leaders guiding men by Our Command and We sent inspiration to do good deeds, to establish prayers and to practice charity; and they constantly served UsShow MoreRelated Woman Leadership in Islam Essay example1174 Words   |  5 Pageskind, as it is the first time for a woman to take the religious leadership role in Islam. Of Course, This incident caused a huge debate within the Islamic cultures. Some sheikhs declared there was nothing wrong with women leading prayers, but the big maj ority of sheikhs criticized Amina Wadud and condemned her. However, Amina Wadud in reply to the accusations stressed the equality between men and women, even in religious leadership. 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